INTRODUCTION:

The species of cacti one of the most for the most portion created species insides the rubric is Epiphyllum oxypetalum. Cereus of this kind grows at night. the harsh petals of this species had been called" oxypetalum with strongly petals”¹.

Epiphyllum oxypetalum turned into the most for the most portion created of the Epiphyllum species and changed into recognized by infers of different common names, along with night time- growing Cereus, Dutchman's Pipe, Ruler of the night time, Wijaya Kusuma (Indonesian), and Nishagandhi in Hindi and Marathi². multitudinous pharmacologically energetic mixes and a few commercially to be had plant- gathered drugs can be found in the locale of plants². a few chemical substances with presented helpful benefits are made through generally utilized helpful leafage³. reports of restorative leafage ‘antibacterial highlights have created in afterward times from each around the world⁴. different torments displayed on by living beings had been treated with the bioactive equip decided from restorative blossoms⁵. The most prominent basic of these bioactive clearing explanations are alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic mixes, and tannins; it's doable that shops made them as a characterizes in confinement to bothers and torments⁶. these sprouts are successfully named and for the most portion freed from bothers and pathogens⁷. 80 of the sector's people makes utilize of leafage as schedule remedy, essentially in around the world districts in Africa, Asia, Latin the us, and the centre East. concordant with reviews, utilizing them has little negative stock⁸. Pharmaceutical wanders have contributed a allocate of end ever and resources in making cures predicated totally on common adapt decided from shops in afterward times⁹. finding spare resources of anti-microbials has come to be in reality lesser crucial since of the creating circumstance of multidrug resistance in pathogenic tiny life forms¹⁰. Phyto fixings are the smoothly taking put bioactive factors that live in sprouts. number one cloth comprises of common sugars, proteins, amino and chlorophyll; assistant constituents compare of alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic mixes, flavonoids, tannins, and so on ¹¹

Fig.1. Epiphyllum oxypetalum

Botany and Taxonomy:

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Cactaceae
Subfamily:	Cactoideae
Genus:	Epiphyllum
Species:	E. oxypetalum

Fig.2. E. Oxypetalum flower

Fig.3. E. Oxypetalum leaves

Fig.4. E. Oxypetalum Root

The one hundred thirty rubrics that solidify the Cactaceae circle of relatives have roughly 1870 given species. E. The Latin expression for the pointed shape of the petals is oxypetalum. The plant is besides known as night- blooming cereus and Ruler of the night¹². The plant does wonderfully in add up to sun based or little life taking after passing shadow in the course of the dry season, without a doubt in show disdain toward of the reality that it's a created species. The stems can be upright, branching, spreading, or pushing, and the number one stems are globular and along the side smoothed. The bush bears tremendous, gigantic title- molded, sweet white grows. The blossom is circular 6 to eight tallness in fringe and blooms after evening. at a few organize in the night, the blossoms live open, and that they near right earlier than to begin with light. The leafage, that may create as basic as 30 cm in length and 12 – 17cm in breadth, are drafted from the plant's fixed components. The rubric Epiphyllum is by and huge known as" epicanthi" or" wild cacti" to divided it from the related no man's arrive shops, in reality in show disdain toward of the truth that it's genuinely a cactus¹³.

Traditional Uses:

Oxypetalum has different standard makes utilize of and is a crucial parcel of Malay customary remedy. The plant is by and huge utilized to deal with a collection of circumstances, comprehensive of uterine passing on, terrible hacking, elderly dyspnoea, and spare. as well, the fixings of E. oxypetalum are acknowledged to hold a solid capacity to diminish torment and save you blood coagulation¹⁴. The stems are said an awesome way to cure cardiac circumstances and dropsy. The Vietnamese utilized the petals of the downscaled blossoms to make mists, acknowledged to have alcohol and sexual enhancer homes. The plant life is additionally utilized to treat break abscesses to enable expedient recovering¹⁵.

Phytochemistry:

Gas chromatography mass- spectroscopy analysis of an alcoholic extract of E. oxypetalum leaves dissolved in ethanol revealed the presence of certain mixes. Cyclooctene-- triene, ethenone, 1-( 2- hydroxy- five- methylphenyl)-, four- hydroxy 2methylacetophenone, Megastigmatrienone, - hexamethyl, and 4-( 1E)- three- Hydroxy-1-propenyl are some of the mixes’- hexadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, phytol, 2, five- Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-2, - cycloheptatrien-1-one, - 2 methoxyphenol, Cholestane -22,24-dien-5-ol, four, 4 dimethyl, 22- spots ten- three- one, 6- octen-1-ol, 3,7- dimethyl, and stigmasterol. GC- MS examination of alcohol extract thinned in a amalgamation of cleansers set up out some farther mixes. some of those paraphernalia encompass allyl dimethyl(mount-1-ynyl) silane, sulfureous acid, cyclohexyl methyl hexyl ester, hexadecane, tetramethyl-, octadecane, 2- methyl-, eicosane, 2- methyl-, testosterone cypionate, - Stigmastadiene-3-one, tetracosane, hentriacontane, and Stigmast-4-en-3-1. Steroids were set up to make up the maturity of the phytoconstituents in each extract. according to the results, it may be concluded that Epiphyllum oxypetalum leaves comprise a variety of bioactive mixes with a selection of medicinal operations ¹⁶.

Pharmacodynamic Effect:

Anti-inflammatory action:

The parcels of E. oxypetalum splint waterless and alcohol excerpts. The have a look at made use of each in vitro and in vivo fashions. The in vitro fashions hired protein denaturation inhibition and mortal pink blood cellular membrane stabilization approaches. The in vivo effectiveness in albino rats turned into assessed using the carrageenan- brought about paw edema paradigm. The excerpts were examined at 2 hundred, four hundred, and four hundred mg/kg, p.o. To estimate the hobbyhorse, aspirin (10mg/kg, p.o.) changed into used because the standard medicine. The goods of the disquisition showed that the take a look at excerpts had effective results in a cure- structured manner, with waterless splint excerpts displaying advanced pastime than alcohol excerpts¹⁷.

Antioxidants:

The DPPH take a look at and hydrogen peroxide scavenging were used to estimate the antioxidant interest of the ethanol and waterless excerpts of the dried leaves of E. oxypetalum to be suitable to decide the excerpts' capability to scavenge untied revolutionaries. The waterless excerpt stylish displayed 34.23 DPPH inhibition, but the ethanol excerpt had the loftiest percent (60.37). The ethanol excerpt and waterless excerpt showed the most chance of inhibition at 2000µg/ml and 500µg/ml, independently, in both styles (18). Petroleum ether, acetone, and ethanol excerpts of the leaves have been determined to have antimicrobial exertion in opposition to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergillus Tereus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, and Aspergillus Niger at distinct attention of 25 using the slice prolixity method 50, 75, and a hundred mg/ml.¹⁹ piecemeal from the check fungi A. Tereus, A. Niger, and R. oryzae, the consequences of the exploration established promising antibiotic efficacity in opposition to all organisms analysed. An original phytochemical evaluation of the excerpts set up out the presence of phenolic composites, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and resins inside the leaves.²⁰ used the slice prolixity fashion to reveal that tableware nanoparticles biosynthesized from the waterless splint excerpt of E. oxypetalum had antibacterial consequences in opposition to Propionibacterium pustules, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, independently. The issues of the exploration established that the check organisms had been considerably bactericidal zed with the aid of the generated AgNPs. The efficacity of tableware nanoparticles against test organisms come also extended after they've been blended with fresh antibiotics²¹.

Antiurolithiatic:

Using the popular medicine Cystone, urolithiasis was performed in vitro on the plant Epiphyllum Oxypetalum. To ascertain the order monument's chance of corruption, an in vitro antiurolithiatic model was used in the trial. The solubility of the ethanol flake extract from Epiphyllum Oxypetalum is advanced than that of the reference drug Cystone. This study offers the first conclusive validation that the seasoning Epiphyllum Oxypetalum possesses antiurolithiatic rates²².

Anti-diabetic:

studies on hexane extract's capability to save you diabetes 5 hundred microliters of α- amylase (zero. Five mg/ml) answer and five hundred microliters of zero. 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. nine) were mixed with 5 hundred microliters of take a look at samples. After that, the aggregate was incubated at 25°C for 10 beats. After that, 500μl of one brio result in zero. 02M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6. nine) changed into brought to each tube. The response dyads have been also incubated at 25°C for 10mins. To halt the manner, 1. zero cc of the colorant three, five dinitro salicylic acid was executed. The test tubes had been placed in a scorching water puncheon and incubated for 5 beats before than being allowed to chill to room temperature. The absorbance at 540nm was measured after the response combination had been thinned with 10ml of distilled water. The manage, which was used, represented one hundred enzyme pastimes. further, by the operation of the extract in area of glimepiride, a notorious- diabetic drug. Anti-diabetic interest is suggested through the pattern's lack of declining sugar. The disquisition shows 26 invitro anti-diabetic exertion²³.

Anticancer:

For an in- vivo disquisition, five bunches of brutes have been partitioned take a see at I(100mg/kg supreme ethanol extricate of plant clears out of Epiphyllum oxypetalum), check II(2 hundred mg/kg supreme ethanol extricate of plant clears out of Epiphyllum oxypetalum), typical, control (NMU 10ml/kg of refined water), well known( five- Fluorouracil managed intraperitoneally at a remedy of 10mg/kg once each 3 days for 15 days to wrap up five cycles), and each institution comported of six brutes. To initiate cancer in rats, a zero.4 result of N- methyl nitrosourea was fitted intrarectally 3 cases in line with week for 3 weeks. The brute’s interior the check I and test II companies had been given verbal pilules of one hundred mg/kg and 2 hundred mg/kg of ethanolic extricate each day for eight weeks after the three- week acceptance area. cure with 200mg/kg of Epiphyllum oxypetalum vindicated superior antitumor effort than the drop remedy²⁴.

Points of Interest of Epiphyllum Oxypetalum for Wellbeing:

The benefits of nishagandhi on the heart have been illustrated. Being a normal antioxidant and heart-protective flavouring, it's an imperative treatment for an assortment of heart affections. It makes a difference people with beatings and arrhythmias by calming the intellect, which unwinds the heart framework. It too diminishes blood cholesterol, avoids lipid buildup, and reinforces the heart muscles, all of which diminish the inconvenience of blood clots, heart assaults, heart blockages, and atherosclerosis²⁵.

Controlling Diabetes:

An exacerbation of the Kapha doshas, diabetes, moreover called Madhumeha in Ayurveda, is by and large brought on by a drop in Agni’s (the stomach related fire) capability to serve, which raises blood sugar circumstances in the body. Nishagandhi flowers' prevalent hypoglycemic rates are imperative in bringing down blood sugar circumstances. When this blossom extricate is taken, the β- pancreatic cells begin creating affront. It contributes to lower blood glucose circumstances by breaking the change of brio to glucose ²⁶.

Comes About for Respiratory Conditions:

A successful home-grown treatment for an assortment of conditions that irritate Kapha is nishagandhi. Asthma, bronchitis, COPD, hack, and cold side effects can all be viably treated utilizing the development of the restorative fixings set up in the ambrosial blossom and juicy stem. It moreover soothes commerce, hacking, and sore throats by clearing bodily fluid buildup from the respiratory framework²⁷.

Energizes Assimilation:

In expansion to being a solid cardiotonic, Nishagandhi has great stomach related packages. The extravagant extract' Santi- pompous rates reduce gas item in the wholesome conduit, which reduces distension in the breadbasket and tooting. The seasoning's tall fibre substance makes it a powerful remedy for obstruction by empowering peristaltic effort, which makes a difference the body evacuate squander. moreover, by avoiding the item of as well multitudinous acids in the stomach, the seasoning's stomach settling agent packages mend gastritis, ulcers, and acid reflux whereas too culminating the body's capability to assimilate supplements²⁸.

Reduces Irritation and Torment:

Epiphyllum is significantly utilized to treat excruciating afflicts counting joint pain, solid fits, etc. since of its potent anti-inflammatory and torment- diminishing bundles. phrasings containing this ambrosial blossom extricate can offer assistance decrease the distress related with rheumatoid joint pain, moreover known as Amavata, which is for the most part caused by venoms raising up in the joints and vitiation of Vata Doshas²⁹.

CONCLUSION:

Proteins, carbohydrates, sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins are each set up in Epiphyllum oxypetalum. The plant extricates from E. oxypetalum changed into recognized and its palatable came overseen with the operation of physicochemical disquisition, acclimating of fiery debris values, water solvency, corrosive insolubility, pH values, and misfortune on drying. among its multitudinous pharmacological characteristics are antidiabetic, anti-urolithiatic, and anti-microbial developments. in spite of the reality that these discoveries are promising, save disquisition and clinical testing are requested to authenticate its assurance and build up its restorative bundles.

REFERENCE:

1. Devi KS, Narayana SL, Menghani P, George Kutty J. Microscopic, pharmacogenetic and phytochemical screening of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dc) haw leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018; 7(6): 972-80.

2. Upendra RS, Khandelwal P. Assessment of nutritive values, phytochemical constituents and biotherapeutic potentials of Epiphyllum oxypetalum. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 2012; 4(5): 421-5.

3. Dandekar R, Fegade B, Bhaskar VH. GC-MS analysis of phytoconstituents in alcohol extract of Epiphyllum oxypetalum leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2015; 4(1): 148-54.

4. Jayashree P, Shalini M, Meenambiga SS, Suganya V. Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Epiphyllum oxypetalum flower extracts. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020; 13(12): 5893-7.

5. Emembolu LN, Onukwuli OD, Okafor VN. Characterization and optimization study of Epiphyllum oxypetalum extract as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 3 M H₂SO₄ solutions. World Scientific News. 2020;145:256-73.

6. Adhikary K. Pentas Lanceolata and Epiphyllum Oxypetalum: Ornamental Plants with Medicinal Value-A Mini Review. Editorial Board. 2020 Jun; 9(6).

7. Ingale S, Sajid MM. Comparative study of proximate composition of stem and leaves of epiphyllum oxypetalum from different district of Maharashtra. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016 Feb; 5(3): 790-9.

8. Ojatula AO, Idowu MO, Akinsowon RO. Chemical Composition Profiling of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. (Queen of the Night) Grown in Akure Metropoly, Ondo State, Nigeria. Rivers State University Journal of Biology and Applied Sciences. 2022; 2(2).

9. Ortiz TA, Moritz A, de Oliveira MA, Lone AB, Nakatani SH, Takahashi LS. Optimal conditions for germination of seeds of Epiphyllum oxypetalum. African J Agric Res. 2014 Sep 10; 9(34): 2630-7.

10. Morris C. Painting colonial plants: epiphyllum species and hybrids. Australian Garden History. 2007 May 1; 18(5): 6-9.

11. Vanitha S, Prakash GA, Malarvizhi M, Periyamal K, Shekhar AP. Treatment of Effluents from Jewellery Industries by using Activated Carbons Prepared from Epiphyllum Oxypetalum (Cactace) Wastes. J. Environ. Nanotechnol. 2014; 3(2): 122-9.

12. Kimnach M. Some succulent memories. Cactus and Succulent Journal. 2008 May; 80(3): 134-9.

13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyllum_oxypetalum.

14. R. Abhishek Biswal, P. Jayashree, K. Mirunaalini, and V. Pazhamalai. Molecular docking studies of bioactive compounds from the leaf extract of Epiphyllum oxypetalum against Treponema pallidum, Zika virus, and liver cirrhosis, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2019; 9(11): 69–77 doi:10.7324/JAPS.2019.91109[2]

15. L. P. Dwita, F. Hasanah, R. Srirustami, R. Purnomo, and S. Harsodjo. Wound healing properties of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. leaf extract in streptozotocin–induced diabetic mice by topical application, Wound Med. 2019; 26(1): 100-160.

16. F. B. R. Dandekar, and V. H. Bhaskar. GC–MS Analysis of phytoconstituents in alcohol extract of Epiphyllum oxypetalum extract. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2015; 4: 149–154 Doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.91109

17. Theertha M, Rani M. In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Studies and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in an Underutilised Plant Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC) Hawthorn Leaves.

18. Mahmad A, Ubaidah T, Salim F, Shaharun MS. Screening the in vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Extract of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC) Haw. Leaf. Current Science and Technology. 2022 Dec 30; 2(1): 40-7.

19. A. Mahmad, M. S. Shaharun, B. Saad and G. K. Dash, Epiphyllum oxypetalum haw.: a lesser-known medicinal plant. Indo Am. J. Pharm. 2017; 4(10):3670.3672 doi:10.5281/zenodo.1036005.

20. Mahmad A, Ubaidah T, Salim F, Shaharun MS. Screening the in vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Methanolic Extract of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. Leaf. Current Science and Technology. 2022 Dec 30; 2(1): 40-7.

21. K. R. Sunaja Devi, S. L. Narayana, M. Palak and G. Josna. Microscopic, pharmacognostic and phytochemical screening of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dc) haw leaf extract. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2018; 7(6): 972–980.

22. Pore AV, Bais SK, Kazi SM, Nikte AA. Assessment of in-anti urolithiatic activity epiphyllum oxypetalum. International Journal of Pharmacy and Herbal Technology. 2023; 1(2): 72-6.

23. Sheeba Rani MA. In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Studies and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in an Underutilised Plant Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Hawthorn Leaves. Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences-Botany. 2021 Jan 1(1).

24. Naik SA, Naikwade ns. Anticancer activity of epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Leaves extract by in-vivo in-vitro models. IJPSR. 2021; 12(8): 4229-4239.

25. Bammou M, Elbouny H, El Finou H, Ouahzizi B, Sellam K, Nassiri L, Alem C, El Rhaffari L, Bouhlali ED. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants claimed by traditional herbal practitioners to manage digestive disorders in an oasis of Tafila let-Morocco. Plant Science Today. 2024 Mar 30; 11(sp1).

26. Sheeba Rani MA. In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Studies and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity in an Underutilised Plant Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Hawthorn Leaves. Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences-Botany. 2021 Jan 1(1).

27. Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Tian Q, Wei L, Zhu T, Zhou Z, Wang J, Liu Z, Tang W, Xiao H, Liu M. Floral scent emission of Epiphyllum oxypetalum: identification of a novel cytosol-localized geraniol biosynthesis pathway. bioRxiv. 2023 Nov 26: 2023-11.

28. Ma QY, Xu QD, Chen N, Zeng WC. A polysaccharide from Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. and its immunomodulatory activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023 Dec 31; 253:126792.

29. Dwita LP, Hasanah F, Srirustami R, Purnomo R, Harsodjo S. Wound healing properties of Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by topical application. Wound Medicine. 2019 Sep 1; 26(1): 100160.

Received on 04.12.2024 Revised on 27.02.2025

Accepted on 18.04.2025 Published on 10.05.2025

Available online from May 14, 2025

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2025; 17(2):130-134.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2025.00022

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.