Figure 1: Rama Tulsi
Figure 2: Krishna Tulsi
MORPHOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY:
Figure 3. Flower of Ocimum tenuiflorum
Macroscopic analysis Macroscopic gratissium revealed that the leaves are dark green in hue, and have a distinct bitter flavor, and a fragrant scent. Powder microscopy revealed normocytic stomata and a variety of trichomes with an average length of 101 micrometers. T.S. observed a thin lamina with an irregular lower epidermis attached to the lateral edges of the leaf's upper side, as well as a pot-shaped midrib.
Figure 4. Microscopy of OcimumGrastissium
PHYTOCONSTITUENTS:7-9
Because of the volatile or essential oil that is mostly concentrated in the leaf, it has a distinct aromatic smell. The primary constituents of this aromatic volatile oil include aldehydes, phenols, and terpenes. Fatty acids make up the majority of fixed oil, which is the oil that is extracted from seeds. The plant also has tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, and saponins in addition to oil. Ascorbic acid and beta-carotene are also present in the leaves.
Table 2. Phytoconstituents of Both Species 11-19
|
Rama Tulsi |
Krishna Tulsi |
|
C-MC Analysis: · Phenylpropene 55.73 % · Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 27.34 % · Monoterpene hydrocarbons 13.51 % · Eugenol 54.42 % · Methyl eugenol 1.31 % · Major sesquiterpenes constituents: · Germacrene D 15.43% · Caryophyllene 4.59% |
· The main chemical constituents are Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, and beta- caryophyllene. · Eugenol 70 %, B-element 11% · Germacrene 2%, Terpenes, methyl ester [20,21], Alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene · Alpha-camphor, carvacrol, luteolin, methyl chavicol, apigenin, isotonic |
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION:22-24
· Tulsi is one of the holiest and most highly respectable herbs that have therapeutic effects and is distributed mainly in all regions of India. Tulsi is a widely grown, sacred plant. It is found growing in an environment having moist soil nearly all over the world and is original from its wild form (Vana Tulsi). In India two types of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) are under cultivation; the green type - Sri tulsi (Ram Tulsi) is the most common; the second type, Krishna Tulsi bears purple leaves and is preferred in the trade for its higher potency of drug.
· It is an upright, 30 to 60cm tall plant covered with soft hairs, and its stems are square in transaction, its leaves are opposite, elliptical-oblong with relatively long petioles and serrated leaf margins. The flowers are purple colored and appear in racemes arising in whorls on the terminal part of the stems and are labiate, bilaterally symmetrical.
· Ocimum has a wild distribution that covers the whole Indian sub-continent ascending to 1800m within the mountain chain and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This plant will occupy a large variety of habitats.
Cultivation Methods:24,25
Soil condition:
Sacred basil thrives well on a good variety of soils. Rich loam, poor dirt, and saline and alkalescent to moderately acidic soils are well-matched for their cultivation. Well-drained soil helps in higher vegetative growth. Water-logged conditions will cause root rot and lead to scrubby growth.
Climate:
It thieves well underneath fairly high rain and wet conditions. Long days and high temperatures are found favorable for plant growth and boring. It will get older to an associated degree altitude of 900m. The plant may be grown up underneath part-shaded conditions however with low oil contents.
Propagation:
Tulsi is propagated through seeds. Seeds can deteriorate over generations, thanks to their high cross-pollination.
Hence, for contemporary plantings, the growers have to be compelled to take contemporary planting seeds from the pedigree stock.
Planting time:
The nursery is often raised within the third week of February month and transplantation is usually in the middle of April month.
Harvesting:
The crop is to be harvested at the full bloom stage to get the most oil yield and higher quality oil. The primary harvest is obtained at 90-95 days of planting. Thereafter, it should be harvested at each 65-75day interval. Gathering ought to be done typically on bright sunny days for prime and smart quality oil. It's not fascinating to reap the crop if there was rain within the previous day. The crop ought to be cut at 15-20cm higher than the bottom level.
Processing:
The harvested turnout could be allowed to wilt within the field itself for 4-5hours thus on scale back the wetness and also the massiveness. However, oil quality and its yield don’t diminish for up to 6-8hours when harvested, however, any delay could cause a goodish loss in yield and quality of the oil. Steam distillation is found to be superior to hydro distillation and hydro bodily fluid steam distillation. The distillation unit ought to be clean, rust-free, and freed from the other odor. The oil obtained is then decanted and filtered. The distilled oil is treated with anhydrous sulfate or common salt at the speed of twenty g per cubic decimeter to get rid of the wet. The oil ought to be kept in sealed amber-colored glass bottles or containers made from chrome steel, galvanized tanks, and aluminum containers and kept in a cool and dry place. All process activities ought to be recorded.
Expected yield:
Concerning 8-10 tones of contemporary herbaceous plant per acre may be obtained by 2 to a few harvests during the year. The oil yield varies with sort, season, and place of origin. Oil recovery starts from 0.3-0.4%.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF BOTH THE SPECIES27-39
· Tulsi species have almost the same pharmacological uses but differ in some due to different chemical constituents. Ocimum tenuiflorum known as Krishna Tulsi is purplish black. The main constituents in Ocimum tenuiflorum are essential oils, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and proline. It has also a higher amount of linalool and moderate amounts of methyl chavicol, nerol, geraniol, citral, and Ursolic acid.
· Ocimum tenuiflorum possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antifertility, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, analgesic, antispasmodic, and adaptogenic properties, and is also effective in reducing the growth of a variety of cancer cell lines.
· Ocimum gratissimum may be a well-known plant utilized in Indian herbal medicine. The flowers and therefore the leaves of this plant are rich in essential oils, so it's utilized in the preparation of teas and infusions. The volatile oil of Ocimum gratissimum contains mostly thymol and eugenol, which are probably responsible for its reported antimicrobial activity.
· This plant is employed in the treatment of epilepsy, headache, high fever and diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore eyes, ear infections, coughs, upper respiratory tract infections, convulsions, skin diseases, pneumonia, and also in the regulation of menstruation.
· Several activities of Ocimum gratissimum have been reported within the literature antibacterial, anticonvulsant, antidiarrheal, anti-nociceptive, antiurolithiatic, anxiolytic, and larvicidal. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Ocimum graissimum and Ocimum tenuiflorum have been investigated, and it has been observed that all essential oils showed concentration dependant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM:
Anthelmintic Activity40,41
Anthelmintic is additionally called vermicide. Benzimidazoles are known for anthelmintic activity. Albendazole, Fenbendazole, Mebendazole, and Thiabendazole are a few referred to as effective anthelmintic. In this context, the oil of Ocimum tenuiflorum and eugenol were tested in vitro and exhibited potent anthelmintic activity within the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Eugenol exhibited an efficient dose ED(50) of 62.1µg/ml.
Antioxidant Activity:40-55
The hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves was investigated for its antioxidant activity in animal models of peptic ulceration. Another study describes the antioxidant activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum extract by evaluating with six different in vitro anti-oxidant-testing systems like scavenging anion radical,1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), chemical group, hydrogen peroxide, chelating ferrous ion and ferric ion reducing potential. The fresh leaves and stems extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum owing compounds; cirsilineol, cirsimaritin,isothymusin, isothymonin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, and appreciable quantities of eugenol. Isolated compounds found exhibited good antioxidant activity even at 10-µM concentration. Eugenol demonstrated 97% and others showed 58% anti-inflammatory activity at 1000-µM concentrations40,52. Prolonged oral administration of Ocimum sanctum enhances cardiac endogenous antioxidants and prevents isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. The anti-oxidant property of Ocimum sanctum has been studied by noise exposure just in the case of mice.
Antidiabetic Activity56,57
Diabetes may be a group of upset during which a person has high sugar in the blood either because the body doesn't produce insulin which controls the sugar level or because the cell fails to retort to the insulin that's produced. The mechanism of antidiabetic activity of the potential drug will be evaluated by studying the assorted physiological pathways. it was observed that ethanolic extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum stimulates the physiological pathogen and its earlier reported antidiabetic activity. The study concluded that tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from aerial a part of Ocimum tenuiflorum encompasses a great antidiabetic potential. RRT, Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy (HIC), and Pentobarbitone Sleeping Time (PST) in male Wistar rats. The results indicated the potential for the use of Ocimum tenuiflorum as a substitute in the treatment of depression.
Antiviral activity:58
A virus could be a minute agent, which lacks independent metabolism and replicates only in host living cells. There are thousands of viruses reported after the invention of mosaic virus and there are ample them in each ecosystem. Medicinal plants are traditionally used for various diseases and there's a rising need for gear for the treatment of infectious diseases. The study demonstrated anti-herpes simplex virus activity of dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum showed anti-HSV activities at various steps of the viral multiplication cycle.
Antiprotozoal Activity:59
Leishmaniasis could be a group of tropical diseases caused by a variety of species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. This ailment affects variant peoples everywhere in the world and it's estimated that there are about two to 3 million new cases every year. within the course of screening leishmanicidal active compounds from Asian and South American medicinal plants, a Nepalese medicinal plant, Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.), showed strong activity.
Wound healing Activity60,61:
The extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum was studied for wound healing and antioxidant properties. An increased percentage of wound contraction was observed in the case of extract-administrated rats. The study suggested that extract may be useful within abnormal healing like keloids and hypertrophic scars. In another study during the wound healing phase, TNF-a level was found to be upregulated by Ocimum tenuiflorum treatment.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIAM:
Antimicrobial Activity:62-64
The aromatic properties of Ocimum gratissimum and their use for various ailments dates long back within ancient history is mentioned in the great Indian Medicinal epics 'Charaka Samhita', 'Sushruta Samhita' and 'Materia Indica’. Different mechanisms have been applied to check the efficacy of plant oil to inhibit microbes in vitro and in vivo. It was investigated the antimicrobial potential of four Ocimum species viz., O. canum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum trichodon and Ocimum urticifolium grown in African country against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale
Antibacterial activities:42-48
The oil of the plant shows a high range of antibacterial activity against animal and human pathogenic gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria The volatile oil expresses strong inhibitory action against oral swab bacteria K. pneumonia and P. vulgaris, thus proving effective mouth washes. According to a study, the plant oil was found effective against human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach) causing skin infection Staphylococcus choleraesuis (Smith) causing food infection, and nonpathogenic Bacillus globigii (Ehrenberg) Cohn with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value 1, 1.10 and 0.60mg/ml respectively. The plant extract may be a good anti-diarrheal agent showing a stimulating inhibition of E. coli, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. Shigella flexineri Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas sobria, and Plesiomonas shigelloides, with strongest action against S. dysenteriae
SOME REVIEW LITERATURE ON ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM SPECIES63-75:
The potential uses of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils, particularly as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents have also been explored. Recently, it was reviewed the antimicrobial, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, neuro-protective, cardio-protective, and mosquito-repellent properties of Ocimumsanctum. As an associate degree example of antifungal activity, the oil of Ocimum gratissimum leaves was antifungal at 78mg/L for the fungus genus gypsum and genus Trichophyton rubrum, however, an amount of 312mg/L was needed to inhibit the growth of Monilia albicans (C. albicans) and Cryptococcus neoformans. It investigated the medicinal drug result of O. gratissimum oil against the listeria serotype and according to that at 20-250μg/mL, the volatile oil increasingly strangled the microorganism growth. Similar antimicrobial activity is according to essential oils isolated from Amazonian basil, O. gratissimum, and asterid dicot genus micranthum (Ocimum micranthum). The zone of inhibition ranges from 9-80 millimeters with Ocimum basilica volt-ampere. citratum was the foremost potent. The antifungal activity of eugenol isolated from Ocimum gratissimum according against Alternaria and genus Penicillium chrysogenum. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils of 3 genera of Ocimum species viz., Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum and Ocimum gratissimum against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterium similarly as yeast Candida albicans. The report discovered that Ocimum gratissimum oil was the most effective with MIC values starting from 1.5-12.5mg/mL. it was evaluated the bactericide activity of Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum kilimandscharicum against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and found that Ocimum gratissimum oil wasmore toxic against all tested bacterial strains and showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8-16mm.
CONCLUSION:
Tulsi is a traditional herb used in India, it has diverse healing properties and is considered adaptogenic. Many varieties of Tulsi species are available. The present work aims to compare the therapeutic activities of Krishna Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) and Rama Tulsi (Ocimum gratissium). This study indicates that Krishna tulsi has more amount of Phytoconstituents than Rama Tulsi. Krishna Tulsi has a more therapeutic effect than Rama Tulsi. According to some research Ocimum gratissium or Rama Tulsi has more effective antifungal activity than Ocimum Tenuiflorum or Krishna Tulsi. Though all the Ocimum species showed less antimicrobial activity as compared to the standard drugs used, they have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth.
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Received on 06.03.2024 Revised on 17.05.2024 Accepted on 15.07.2024 Published on 20.12.2024 Available online from November 25, 2024 Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(4):235-241. DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00044 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
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