1Shree Dev Bhoomi Institute of Education Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
2Baba Farid Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: bhagatanamika63@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Carica papaya is a member of the Caricaceae family and is frequently referred to as "papaya." Carica papaya has been utilized in Ayurvedic therapy for centuries. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, antibacterial, abortifacient, vermifuge, hypoglycemia, antifungal, anthelminthic, and hypoglycemic properties. Immunomodulatory, and so forth. Scientific research suggests that they have a diverse biological purpose that sustains their existence. Traditionally, it has been used to treat a variety of ailments It is used to cure a variety of infections such as dengue fever, warts, corns, sinuses, skin inflammation, diabetes, glandular tumors, blood pressure, digestive disorders, constipation, antibacterial, antifertility, anti-HIV, expel worms, excite regeneration organs, and many more. The current study is on the nutritional content, health benefits, medicinal benefits, and synthetic elements of papaya.
KEYWORDS: Papaya, Antibacterial, Dengue fever, Antifungal activity, Anti-HIV activity.
INTRODUCTION:
In many parts of the world, Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine, is gaining a lot of attention and popularity. Ayurveda’s illness prevention and health-promotion approach, which considers the full body, mind, and spirit when dealing with disease prevention and health promotion, is gaining popularity1. Ayurveda had established dietary and therapeutic approaches to slow down the ageing process and rejuvenate the entire functioning system. The organs of the human body's dynamics The'Rasayana chikitsa' is a method of regeneration and rejuvenation2. Papaya is a nutrient-dense fruit that is available all year round. It's high in vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin E, all effective antioxidants.
The minerals, magnesium and potassium, and pantothenic acid (vitamin B) acid, folate, and fiber are all important nutrients. It also has, in addition to all of this, papain, a digestive enzyme that successfully cures the reasons Trauma, allergies, and sports injuries are just a few examples. All of the nutrients found in Papaya as a whole improves cardiovascular health and protects the heart. Heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes, as well as to avoid them. Colon cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon The fruit is high in beta carotene, a powerful antioxidant that protects against free radical damage. Some cancers may be caused by this substance. It is said to have aided.in the prevention of heart disease in diabetics Papaya has a lowering effect. Because it is a good source of fiber, it can help lower cholesterol levels3. The leaves have been studied for their therapeutic properties, and indigenous from all over the world have used them for anti- inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-diabetic effects, among other things. Arica papaya has recently been discovered to have hemostatic properties and positive impacts. It has been observed that leaves can help patients with dengue fever 4.
The papaya is currently grown in most tropical countries, originally from southern Mexico (especially Chiapas and Veracruz), Central America, and northern South America. It grows quickly in cultivation, bearing fruit in three years. It However, because it is frost-sensitive, it can only be grown in tropical climes. Temperatures of less than 29 degrees Fahrenheit are extremely dangerous, if not lethal. Growth in Florida is primarily restricted to the state's southern regions. It also favors Standing water will kill the plant in 24hours if it is not in a sandy, well-drained soil5. The papaya has a mild flavor. complex reproducing methods the plants might be male, female, or hermaphrodite6. The male trees are referred to as When homeowners collect their own seeds, this is not uncommon. Trees that are both male and female are known as hermaphrodites. A pear- shaped fruit is produced as a commercial standard. These plants are pollinated by themselves7.
Palmately lobed leaves are usually big, spirally organized, and clustered at the crown. In general, papaya cultivars are divided into two categories. The number of leaf main veins, the number of lobes at the leaf margins, leaf form, and stomata distinguish them. The wax structures on the leaf surface, as well as the color of the leaf petiole, are all factors to consider. Papaya fruits are produced by both male and female papaya trees. Female and hermaphrodite trees have different forms. Female trees produce round fruits, but male trees produce oval fruits. The trees of hermaphrodites are elongated. The fruit is a berry with a diameter of 5cm and a weight of 50g to 50cm or greater in length, weighs at least 10kg8. When ripe, papaya fruits have a smooth thin green skin that becomes yellow or crimson. The flesh is soft and succulent, a range of textures and colors from yellow to orange to red.
|
Kingdom |
Plantae |
|
Subkingdom |
Tracheobionta |
|
Division |
Magnoliophyta |
|
Class |
Magnoliospida |
|
Family |
Caricaceae |
|
Genus |
Carica L. |
|
Species |
Carica papaya L. |
Morphology:
Because papaya is a polygamous species, determining whether a plant is male, female, or hermaphrodite can be challenging. It's a palm-like tree that grows 3-10 meters tall, with a thick stem marked by scars where leaves have dropped off and a terminal flourish of leaves on long petioles with 5-7 lobes. Flowers with a pleasant scent Male flowers in lax many-flowered, thickly pubescent cymes at the terminals of trimorphs, generally unisexual-dioecious cymes. female flowers large, solitary or in few flowered racemes, with a short thick rachis, of the pendulous, fistular rachis; male flowers large, solitary or in few flowered racemes, with a short thick rachis, Fruit is a huge berry that varies in size from elongate to globose, with a large central cavity and tuberculous seeds. And is protected by a transparent aril The fruit-bearing trees are under the age of 18 months. The protein ferment papain is contained in the milky liquid found in the leaves and unripe fruit.
The papaya is a big tree-like plant with spirally arranged leaves limited to the top of the trunk and a single stem. Where leaves and fruit were borne, the lower stem is visibly damaged. The leaves are huge, with a diameter of 50–70 centimeters (20–28 in). Unless lopped, the tree is normally unbranched. The flowers resemble Plumeria blossoms in form, although they are much smaller and waxier. They develop in the leaf axils and mature into huge fruits measuring 15–45 centimeters (5.9–18 in) in length and 10–30 centimeters (3.9–12 in) in diameter. The fruit is ripe when its skin is amber to orange in color and feels soft (like a ripe avocado or a little softer). The melon-like fruit hangs on short, thick peduncles at the leaf axil and varies in size and shape. Its flowers are typically dioecious and resemble one another until sexual organs begin to develop. Male staminate, hermaphroditic (bisexual), and female pistillate are the three sex forms of this polygamous species. Furthermore, certain plants can generate multiple types of flowers9
Figure 1: Carica papaya
Fruits:
Minerals: calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and carotene, amino acids, citric and malic acids (green fruits), volatile compounds: linalool, benzyl isothiocyanate, cis and trans 2, 6-dimethyl-3,6 epoxy-7 octen-2-ol, Alkaloid; caprine, benzyl- -D glucoside.
Juices:
lipids: n-butyric, n-hexanoic, and n-octanoic acids; myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, and cis-vaccenic acids; myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, and cis-vaccenic acids; myristic, palmitic.
Seed:
Fatty acids, crude protein, crude fiber, papaya oil, sinigrin, Carpaine, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl glycosylates, glucotropacolin, benzyl thiourea, hentriacontane, -sitosterol, carissin, and an enzyme called myosin, as well as leaves-related alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins
Leaves:
Calcium content of the true content in papaya fruits ranges from 85- leaves were high (267.20 to 366.07mg/100g) 92% while the mean of 83% was reported for while the seed contained 45.43- 54.44mg/100g leaves. Alkaloids carpain, pseudocarp in and dihydroceramide I and II, choline, carp side, vitamin C and E Latex:
The enzyme papain is found in the latex of the papaya plant (Carica papaya) and catalyses the hydrolysis of proteins.
Bark:
β-Sitosterol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose and xylitol.
Papaya is a major fruit crop grown all over the world and consumed largely as a fresh fruit. Papaya fruits are mostly made up of water and carbohydrates, are low in calories, and are high in natural vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A and C, ascorbic acid, and potassium.
Nutritional value per 200g
|
Energy |
358 kJ (43 kcal) |
|
Carbohydrate |
21.64g |
|
Sugars |
15.64g |
|
Dietary fiber |
3.4g |
|
Fat |
0.52g |
|
Protien |
0.94g |
|
Vitamin A equiv. |
94 μg |
|
Beta-carotene |
548μg |
|
lutein and zeaxanthin |
178μg |
|
Thiamine (vit. B1) |
0.046mg |
|
Riboflavin (vit. B2) |
0.054mg |
|
Niacin (vit. B3) |
0.714mg |
|
Pantothenic acid (B5) |
0.382mg |
|
Vitamin B6 |
0.076mg |
|
Folate (vit. B9) |
76μg |
Papain is an enzyme found in the bark, leaves, and fruit of the Carica papaya plant. The milky liquid is removed, dried, and used as a digestive chewing gum, toothpaste, and meat tenderizers.
Medicine is made from the leaves. Papaya is used as a sedative and diuretic, as well as to prevent and cure gastrointestinal tract diseases and intestinal parasite infections. Nerve discomfort (neuralgia) and elephantoidal growths are also treated with it.
Papaya has yielded a slew of biologically active compounds that have been researched for their pharmacological effects. Papaya fruit has been used to clone and describe an antifungal chitinase gene. Because of its amino acid sequence homology with other plant chitinases, the chitinase is designated as a classIV chitinase. The papaya recombinant Chitinase has antibacterial properties as well10.
In the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, Ahmad et al. published a study showing that the capacity of C. papaya leaves separate evacuates against dengue fever. The patient received 25ml of leaf extracts twice a day for five days in a row. Platelets, white blood cells, and neutrophils all decreased from 84.0 percent to 46.0 percent, according to the research. After the leaves had been removed, the blood tests were rechecked to ensure that the platelets, white blood cells, and neutrophils had increased from 46.0 percent to 78.3 percent11.
In Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Kineme et al. published a study on the phytochemistry and hematological capacity of the ethanol seed, leaf, and mash think of C. papaya. The phytochemical composition in the seeds, leaves, and mash of C. papaya was found to be nearly identical in this study, albeit in varying degrees. The phytochemicals present in C. papaya were also discovered to improve the formation of some blood parameters in albino rats that had been treated12.
In the Journal of Natural Product Research, Sasidharan et al. discovered that phytochemicals in C. papaya may have antihyperglycemic effect. To test its anti-diabetic properties, ethanolic concentrates of C. papaya and Pandanus mayflies were combined with a social event of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. According to the research, a phytochemical discovered in C. papaya and P. amaryfollius may be responsible for the anti-diabetic health advantages13.
In the Indian Journal of Microbiology, Chavez-Quintal et al. published an investigation into the antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of C. papaya L. cv. Marisol leaves and seeds of discarded mature and unripe fruit14.
Seed extracts inhibited fungal activity against Rhizopus stop conifer, Fusarium spp., and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, three phytopathogenic growths. In the Indian diary of pharmaceutical sciences, Singh and Ali reported that the antifungal movement of the methanolic concentrate of the seeds demonstrated antifungal action against Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, and Penicillium nitrenium15.
In the British Journal of Nutrition, Adebiyi et al. published the results of a study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. In a lab experiment, the effects of a prepared papaya blend (500 ml/l water) and papaya bad latex on the uteri of pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were found to be different from a control group given water. The rough latex induced convulsive narrowing of the uterine muscles, whereas ready papaya had no threatening or detectable responses. According to the findings, regular use of ready papaya during pregnancy may not pose a significant risk. Unripe or semiprime papaya may be harmful to a pregnant woman16.
In the Journal of Medicinal Food, Ogenyi et al. discovered that dried C. papaya seeds are effective against human intestinal parasitosis. The patient was given either dry C. papaya seeds mixed with nectar or just nectar. After 7 days, 76.7 percent of those who were given nectar mixed with dried papaya seeds were free of parasites, compared to 16.7% of those who were given nectar alone. According to this study, air-dried C. papaya seeds are effective in treating human intestinal parasites while causing minimal side effects17.
In CIB Tech Pharm Sic, Fauziya and Krishnamurthy papaya (2013) reported on papaya's anticancer properties. A papaya in vitro study shows that it can treat a variety of disease cell lines and that papaya physiochemical have anticancer properties. Papaya is high in chemical papain, which is a growth inhibitor. Papain divides the fibrin disease cell divider as well as protein into amino acid corrosive frames. It also contains lycopene, which is extremely receptive to oxygen and free radicals, in addition to papain. Papaya contains isothiocyanate, which is effective against lung, pancreas, and prostate cancer. These compounds are capable of inhibiting both disease cell organization and improvement18.
In the West Indian Medical Journal, Dawkins et al. published an article on the antibacterial development of C. papaya natural product removal against fundamental damage life morphologies. Seed isolates from the organic product inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Shigella flexner, according to the researchers. According to this study, C. papaya contains antibacterial properties that could be beneficial in treating chronic skin ulcers and promoting healing. According to Islam et al., papaya latex has antibacterial action against Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Agrobacterium sp., and Rhizobium sp19.
In the journal herb med toxicology, Porker et al. reported that the anti-fertility effects of C. papaya were investigated by supplementing grown-up and pregnant rodents with various portions of the natural product. There was no attempt to force feed the creature, and the result revealed that the unripe fruit disrupted the estrous cycle and caused the fetus to be removed. As the organic produce became stale or overripe, the impact faded. In drowsiness monkeys, chloroform concentration of C. papaya seeds caused long-term azoospermia. Papaya has also been shown to have anti-implantation and anti-abortifacient properties20.
In the Journal of Natural Products, Mojisola et al. reported ant sickling activities of C. papaya fruit pulp in refined water, methanol, and chloroform using sodium metabisulfite. Sickle cell disease is caused by a change in hemoglobin inside red platelets, where a glutamic acid in the sixth position is replaced by valine21.
Sadequee et al. discovered the hepatoprotective effects of dried papaya natural products against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, which they compared to Vitamin-E. The findings confirmed that C. papaya and Vitamin E provided significant hepatoprotection against CCl4- induced hepatotoxicity; however, C. papaya showed more significant alterations in alkaline phosphatase levels than Vitamin E22. The impact of C. papaya on hepatotoxicity was described in the biology and pharmaceutical journal by Raj Kapoor et al. C. papaya extracts, both ethanol and aqueous, demonstrated considerable hepatoprotective efficacy against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity23
In the Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Praveena et al. discovered antineoplastic efficacy of hydroethanolic concentrate of unripe papaya fruit using an animal model. The goal of this study was to see how different doses of a hydroethanolic concentrate of papaya's unripe product affected the development of Dalton's ascitic lymphoma (DAL) in Swiss albino mice. Hydroethanolic papaya concentrate showed considerable anticancer effect against DAL cell line generated malignant ascites tumor rats in this study24.
Baskaran et al. evaluated the subjective assessment of phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of several C. papaya dissolvable concentrates. The antibacterial activities of different dissolvable concentrates of C. papaya were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, and growth was monitored by looking at the zone of a hindrance. Gram-positive microorganisms used in the test included S. aureus, B. cereus, and Micrococcus luteus, while Gram-negative microorganisms included E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and fungi included Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, C. albicans, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida kefirs25.
In J Appl Ind Sci, Rashed et al. (2013) published phytochemical screening of the polar concentrates of C. papaya Linn and the assessment of the anti-HIV-1 progress. Using the syncytia advancement test, the anti-HIV-1 activity of methanol and watery concentrates of C. papaya was determined. The findings revealed that C. papaya methanol and fluid concentrations are not as detrimental to HIV-1 directors as previously thought 26.
Carica papaya fruits is nutritional worth, the papaya plant is commonly used as a food ingredient all over the world. According to the above studies, the papaya plant's leaves, stem, fruits, and seeds contain a variety of chemical elements such as alkaloids carpain, pseudocarpain, dihydroceramide India, choline, andothers. carposide, vitamin C and vitamin E reall antioxidants. Sinigrin, Carpaine, benzylisothiocyanate, glucosinolate, glucotropacolin, benzyl thiourea, hentriacontane, -sitosterol, characin, and other alkaloids found in the leaves. Many of the medicinal compounds include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and cardenolides, among others. The papaya plants have been subjected to various activities. However, substantial research into its pharmacodynamics, kinetics, and other aspects has been conducted. To fully harness their therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of numerous diseases, adequate standards and clinical trials are required.
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Received on 01.01.2024 Modified on 11.03.2024
Accepted on 22.04.2024 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(3):180-184.
DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00034