INTRODUCTION:

Germs and contaminations, hand cleanliness is in this manner and are essential mode of transmission of hurtful the most critical degree to maintain a strategic distance from the transmission of organisms and anticipate the diseases. Hand cleanliness is the single most imperative exceptionally least difficult strategy and slightest costly implies of avoiding nosocomial infections.¹

Sullied hands can serve as vectors for the transmission of microorganisms. Pathogenic microorganisms responsible for episodes are spread from the hands of the nourishment handler to others when the nourishment handler sullies his/her hands and at that point passes these microorganisms to buyers by means of hand contact with nourishment or drinks. The buyer is uncovered taking after the ingestion of these microorganisms, which may cause gastro intestinal sickness. Hand contact with ready-to-eat nourishments speaks to an exceptionally fundamental instrument by which pathogens or microorganism may enter the nourishment supply. Nourishment handlers whose work includes touching unloaded nourishments to be devoured crude or without advance cooking or other shapes of managing have been distinguished as a specific hazard group.²To ensure the skin from hurtful micro-organisms and to anticipate spreading of numerous infectious illnesses, hand washing is completely a vital safety measure.

Nourishment generation laborers and foodservice faculty must be instructed to utilize redress hand and fingertip washing by administration in planning for work.³There are diverse sorts of hand sanitizer accessible commercially, fluid, gel or froth shape, though they vary based on the compositions, liquor based (contain combination of isopropyl liquor, ethanol (ethyl liquor) or n propanol, with adaptations containing 60% to 95% liquor) or herb based^4,5. Non-alcohol based adaptations regularly contain benzalkonium chloride or triclosan, but are less compelling than liquor based ones. The item is for the most part utilized by the specialists, specialists, pathologists and analysts⁶. Hand sanitizer is less successful at murdering certain sorts of germs, such as norovirus and Clostridium difficile.

The sanitizer may be less successful due to inaccurately wiping out hands some time recently sanitizer dries or if concentrations of liquor as well moo in sanitizer. The redress way of utilizing of hand sanitizer is to begin with by applying on palm of the hand and at that point rub the item over the surfaces of hands and fingers until hands are dry. Compounds such as glycerol may be included to avoid drying of the skin⁴. In a few sanitizers scents are included, but it is debilitated due to the hazard of unfavorably susceptible responses. The component of activity of liquor-based sanitizer incorporates film harm, and restraint or uncoupling of mRNA and protein union through impacts on ribosome and RNA polymerase, or related with protein denaturation, but not on spores⁷.

The liquor-based sanitizer, particularly ethanol acts on viral envelope, inferred from have lipid envelopes and protein capsid⁸. The frequent use of hand sanitizer increased due to outbreak of pandemic COVID 19. The excessive use of hand sanitizer leads to number of problems in people having sensitive skins. The drawbacks include skin dryness, irritation, harsh on skin, ocular irritation⁹. In some cases, alcohol may strip the skin of the outer layer of oil, which may have negative effects on barrier function of the skin¹⁰. The side effects and due to more demand of sanitizer, we emphasized on preparation of polyherbal sanitizer¹¹.

The sanitizer contains extracts of herbs, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, camphor, distilled water and glycerol to provide soothing effect in sanitizer. Plants are rich in vast variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavanoids etc. which have been found to possess in vitro antimicrobial properties, considering this demand, an attempt has been made to screen the classical literature for the herbs with antimicrobial properties. Due to its antimicrobial activities these herbs are used in formulation in number of herb-based hand sanitizers. Ayurveda first seeks to diagnose patients’ conditions before treating them with internal preparations, diet, and habit restrictions. Plant-based preparations play a major role in the ayurvedic healing process. In broad terms, there is no substance in the world that cannot be used as a potential medicine⁴⁵.

Traditional ayurvedic texts warn against the use of substances that are not adequately understood. Any plant, animal, or mineral substance can be incorporated into the ayurvedic pharmacopeia, but only if it is understood fully, in terms of its nomenclature, identity, properties, and applications⁴⁶. The texts also warn against the abuse of well-known medicines, emphasizing the point that even poisons can have medicinal properties when used appropriately, whereas the best of medicines can be harmful if improperly used⁴⁷.

ADVANTAGES:

· Natural ingredients that are gentle on the skin

· Free from harsh chemicals and artificial fragrances

· Effective in killing germs and bacteria

· Moisturizing properties to prevent dryness

· Environmentally friendly and biodegradable

· Pleasant natural scents

· Suitable for sensitive skin types

· Can be used frequently without causing irritation¹²

DISADVANTAGES:

· Some herbal hand sanitizers may have a shorter shelf life compared to their chemical counterparts.

· The natural ingredients in herbal hand sanitizers may cause allergic reactions or skin irritation in some individuals.¹³

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

In the display ponder home grown sanitizer was arranged and its viability was checked on distinctive bacterial strains separated from the clinic premises. The think about was carried out in the Office of Inquire about, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Clinic & Investigate Center, Bhopal.

Collection of takes off of the plant:

The plants take off were collected for the arrangement of sanitizer from in and around the campus the healing center premises. The plant chosen on the premise of its strong antimicrobial action detailed in inquire about articles (Table -1). The plants utilized for the think about were Ocimumgratissum (Van tulsi), Ocimum sanctum (Shyama tulsi), Eucalyptus globules (Niligiri), Azadiracta indica (Neem), Cuscutareflexa (Amerbel), Aloe barbadensis (Ghritkumari) and Menthe arvensis (Mint). The plants clear out collected were weight, washed, cleaned and shade dried in research facility. After drying plant extricate was arranged in ethanol and utilized for the arrangement of hand sanitizer.¹⁴

Preparation of extricate for hand sanitizer:

The plant extricates was arranged by weighing 50gm of dried takes off of each plant, powdered mechanically and splashed in 100ml of ethanol overnight. After 24hours, the extricates were sifted utilizing pipe and channel paper and utilized for the planning of hand sanitizer.

Bacterial strains:

The bacterial strains utilized for the display ponder were confined in Division of Investigate, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Clinic and Investigate Middle. The strains utilized were three-gram positive microscopic organisms Staphylococci aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus cereus, While three-gram negative strains Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and one Dermatophyte¹⁵.

Preparation of herbal hand sanitizer:

The home-grown sanitizer was arranged by the taking after fixings given underneath

1. Plant extricates arranged from 50gram dried plant were included with same amount

2. Hydrogen peroxide – 2ml

3. Glycerol – 10ml

4. Ethanol – 50%

5. Kapoor – 2 Nos

6. Isopropyl liquor - 70%

7. Refined water was utilized to make up to 1000ml

The pH of the hand sanitizer was checked utilizing pH strips.

RESULTS:

The polyherbal sanitizer was prepared in the laboratory and its efficacy was checked, its shelf life, pH and other physical parameters were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity of the sanitizer and its ingredients were evaluated on different bacterial strains and its efficacy on different individuals was also evaluated.

The ingredients used for the preparation of sanitizer were isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ethanol, glycerol, camphor, mixture of all plant extracts and distilled water. The plant extract used for the preparation of sanitizer were Ocimum gratissum (Van tulsi), Ocimum sanctum (Shyama tulsi), Eucalyptus globules (Niligiri) and Azadiracta indica (Neem), Cuscutareflexa (Amarbel), Aloe barbadensis (Ghritkumari) and Menthe arvensis (Mint). The plant details with family name are given in tabular (1) form.

DISCUSSION:

The skin of human gives supplements and reasonable development conditions for deft organisms and other pathogens and these stand up to most of cleaning regimen and contribute to their presence in biological system. Hand cleanliness is a straightforward and slightest costly implies of anticipating healing center procured contaminations extraordinarily inferred from natural surfaces. There are diverse sorts of sanitizers accessible in the showcase commercially which incorporates liquor and non-alcoholic based sanitizer. Distinctive sanitizer has distinctive impact of bacterial development and leads biocidal movement. These days, due to COVID 19 widespread, there is a critical require and request of hand sanitizer not as it were in therapeutic experts, but too in common man. Liquor based sanitizer if utilized frequently leads dryness of skin and aggravation moreover in delicate individuals¹⁵. So, we centered on polyherbal sanitizer. In the show consider we chosen seven plants and arranged a sanitizer utilizing liquor, glycerol, hydrogen peroxide and camphor. Each fixing has a particular part in restraining the development of microbes and organism moreover. Our ponder centered on antibacterial movement of hand sanitizer and was found strong as compared to other well known commercial sanitizer.

The plants chosen for the ponder were Ocimum gratissum (van tulsi), Ocimum sanctum (shyamatulsi), Eucalyptus globules (niligiri) and Azadiracta indica (Neem), Cuscutareflexa (amerbel) Aloe barbadensis (Ghritkumari) and Menthe arvensis (Mint). The determination of fixings was on the premise of its restorative and antibacterial properties detailed. The fixings were moreover checked for its antibacterial property against bacterial strains Peudomonas aeroginosa, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Dermatophyte and gave powerful movement against all pathogens utilized for the consider.

The utilize of methanol in hand clean is not suggested due to its harmful impacts and cause extreme systemic poisonous quality, indeed passings can happen after verbal, aspiratory or skin exposures leads to inveterate poisonous quality (e.g., visual unsettling influences) if utilized routinely¹⁵. Hence, in put of methanol ethanol, isopropyl liquor, n-propyl liquor, or their combinations can be utilized in liquor-based hand rub¹⁶. Hence, isopropyl and ethanol was chosen in the display consider to plan sanitizer.

Plants have been a profitable source of characteristic items for keeping up human wellbeing and the utilize of plant auxiliary metabolites for their antimicrobial movement has continuously expanded around the world. Neem (Azadirachta indica) too known as Indian lilac, has a place to Meliaceae family. Nimbidin (the fundamental dynamic antibacterial fixing), nimbin and nimbinin are steady compounds and found in significant amounts¹⁷. Polyphenolic flavanoids filtered from new takes off of neem were detailed for antifungal, antibacterial¹⁸,antiinflammatory, against joint, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, antigastric ulcer and antitumour exercises^19,20,21. The takes off and bark of A. indica appeared antibacterial movement against anti-microbial safe strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli²². The plant is utilized in the planning of hand sanitizer due to its wide range of applications^23,24.

Aloe barbadensis, the mash of the plant is utilized in sanitizers to give relieving impact in hands. The plant is known for its restorative properties. The plant has different organic and pharmacological exercises such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, skin defensive and wound mending. These properties may be due to the nearness of bioactive compounds anthraquinones, anthrones, chromones, flavonoids, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals²⁵. The antimicrobial viability of Aloe vera gel was detailed by the nearness of zone of restraint of 24mm, 21 mm and 24mm against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, separately^26,27.

Cuscutareflexa is a lasting, brilliant yellow, leafless, parasitic herb of the family Convolvulaceae. The plant is wealthy in number of phytoconstituents incorporates cuscutin, amarbelin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, kaempferol, dulcitol, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and oleanolic corrosive²⁸. A number of researchers detailed antimicrobial movement in C. reflexa against gram positive Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative microscopic organisms Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa²⁹.

Eucalyptus, a local plant of Australia, has a place to a different class of blossoming trees and bushes in the myrtle family, called Myrtaceae. The plant is wealthy source of polyphenols and terpenoids and base composition of the takes off are the Eucalyptol or Cineole^30,31. The plant is known for its insecticidal and antimicrobial property and utilized in arrangement of hand sanitizer with combination of rose extricate, glycerin, Ocimum sanctum, liquor, carbopol, polysorbate, fragrance, deionized water, tri ethanol amine and additive in other. Antibacterial movement was detailed in sanitizer against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis and Organisms S. cereviceae and C. albicans by culture affectability test³².

Mentha arvensis a medicinally imperative plant has a place to the Family Lamiaceae, known for cooling impact and conventional pharmaceutical for stomach cures. The plant oil was detailed for antibacterial property against pathogen Staphylococci and cariogenic pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sangunis, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus casei capable for dental maladies due to nearness of auxiliary metabolites counting alkaloids, tannins, flavonols, steroids, xantones, glycosides, Eucalyptol, Isomethone, Linalool, methnol, 4Terpineol, oleic corrosive, tetradecanoic corrosive, 12-methyl, methyl ester, hexadecanoic corrosive and (Palmitic corrosive) methyl ester³³.

Ocimum sanctum common Indian fragrant plant, has a place to the family of Lamiaceae. The plant is detailed for antimicrobial property against Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans, a periodontal pathogen dependable for human dental plaque with 22 mm zone of restraint³⁴. The plant utilized in arrangement of hand sanitizer with distinctive fixings and appeared antimicrobial property against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Fungi- Sacchromyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.

Ocimum gratissimum L. (Labiatae) is broadly conveyed in tropical and warm temperature districts and commonly utilized in society medication to treat distinctive maladies, e.g. upper respiratory tract diseases, loose bowels, cerebral pain, ophthalmic, skin maladies, pneumonia, and moreover as a treatment for hack, fever and conjunctivitis^35,36. Past considers detailed antimicrobial movement in plant against Proteus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and Shigella with restraint zones extending from 13 to 25 mm , due to the nearness of unstable oil of this plant contains for the most part phenols, especially thymol^37,
38.

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Received on 20.03.2024 Modified on 22.05.2024

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(3):154-158.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00029