INTRODUCTION:

According to the Botanical Survey of India, India is home to more than 8,000 species of medicinal plants. The country has a rich history of traditional healing system, many of which list the use of these plants¹. As per Kew’s state of world plant agency (2017) reported 28187(7.20%) medicinal plant out of total 391000 plant species. According to Medicinal plant names services, (2017) found 13500(3.65%) medicinal plant out of total 369,000 plant species. World Health Organization (2015) found about 45.000(10.6%) medicinal plant out of total 422000 plants species.

Food and agriculture organization (2010) found 52885 medicinal plants but there was no species. Medicinal plants have been used in health care since time immemorial. Medicinal plants play vital roles in disease prevention and their promotion and use fit into all exiting prevention strategies. Medicinal plants provide major source of molecules with medicinal properties due to presence of natural compounds. Medicinal plants useful for curing human diseases and play an important role in healing due to presence of phytochemical constituents.

The solanaceae family comprises of 3000-4000 species that are classified in approximately 90 Genera². The family is highly divers include perennial trees as well as herbaceous annual species and occupies a wide range of terrestrial habitats from deserts to rainforests². Solanum genus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high Economic importance the potato, the tomato and the eggplant, it is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae contains around 1,500 species. Solanum in the world that are mainly distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas, with a small number in the temperate areas⁶⁸.

The genus Solanum L. with its 1,234 species is distributed almost all across the globe and is native to Afghanistan, Antarctica, America, Europe and Arab etc. the species are widely used as vegetable and medicine, various species are herb, climbers, under shrubs, and tree. From India 64 species have been reported inclusive of cultivars^69,70. Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw. species of solanaceae family. Solanum nigrum the nightshade and black berry nightshade is a species of flowering plant in the genus Solanum³.

Solanum torvom SW. is a member of the family Solanaceae. Solanum torvum Sw. originates from central and south America and is now widespread as a wild plant in all tropics71. Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw. has been extensively used traditionally to treat various various diseases such as pain, fever, antioxidant, antipyretic, and in platelet aggression activator and as digestive hemostatic and in diuretic activities. Phytochemicial investigation of the fruit of Solanum nigrum L. resulted in the isolation of nine compound including three steroidal glycoalkaloids, two neolignans, two simple phenolics, one monoterpene glycoside, one coumarin glucoside. The structure elucidation of isolated compounds was determined based on NMR and Mass spectral data, compound 4-9 were isolated for the first time from the genus¹⁰.

Nithyadevi and Sivkumar (2015) analyzed the antifungal properties of aqueous extract from leaves of Solanum torvum and also reported its anti-inflammatory properties in leaves⁷¹. Sivapriya et al. (2007) isolated and did purification of a novel antioxidant protein from dried powder\ of Solanum torvum seeds and examined their antioxidant properties¹¹. Patel et al. (2009) evaluatd the anticancer activity of Solanum nigrum L. fruit and fruits methanolic extract were tested for its inhibitory effect on HeLa cell line.

The percentage viability of the cell line was carried out by using trypan blue dye exclusion method¹². Saleem et al. (2009) explained Solanum nigrum L. commonly known as black nightshade, that have been extensively used in traditional medicine in India and other parts of world to cure liver disorders, chronic skin ailments, painful period, fever, eye diseases, etc., Author also found that Solanum nigrum L. contains alkaloid, steroid, etc., which shows antitumor activity¹³. Loganayaki et al (2010) the results presented here implied leaves and fruits of Solanum torvum Sw. and Solanum nigrum L. could be considered as health supplements and nutraceuticals/functional foods¹⁴. Aali et al. (2010) studied blood sugar protective effect of ethanol extract of Solanum nigrum L. on the albino rat and concluded that it has anti-diabetic property and all parts of this plant are used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for treating various diseases like fever, cough, cold, asthma, skin and liver problem¹⁵. Agrawal et al. (2010) revealed that Solanum torvum Sw. is an important source of many pharmacologically and medicinally important chemicals such as steroidal glycosides, etc¹⁶.

Bari et al. (2010) investigated that chloroform and methanol extracts of root of Solanum torvum Sw. are highly active against streptococcus-beta-haemolyticus and vasin factum respectively and their use for the treatment of microbial infection are possible¹⁷. Rahimi et al. (2010) found the efficacy of Solanum nigrum L. in traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease¹⁸. Zho et al. (2010) reported anti-tumor activity of Solanum nigrum L¹⁹. Arif et al. (2011) studied and evaluated the total phenol and falconoid content of traditional utilized fruits of Solanum torvum Sw ²⁰. George et al. (2011) studied the Immunomodulatory and erythropoietin effect of aqueous extract of the fruit of Solanum torvum Sw²¹.

Jain et al. (2011) worked on Solanum nigrum L. and reported its medicinal properties as antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory hepatoprotactive diuretic and antipyretic, anti fungal, etc., in various animal models such as rat and chick³. Rajiv et al. (2011) studied quantification of phenol compounds and investigation of antibiotic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Solanum torvum Sw⁴. Koffuor et al (2011) reported that Solanum torvum Sw. extract showed a concentration-dependent immunostimulant and erythropoietic activity⁵. Yuan et al. (2011) investigatd the chemical constituents of Solanum torvum Sw⁶.

Saini (2023) reported S. torvum berries are a good source of antioxidants, useful to improve nutrition⁷³. Barbosa et al. (2012) report the chemical composition of essential oils from Solanum torvum Sw. leaves, stem, fruits and roots obtained by hydro distillation yielding about 0.11, 0,04, 0.07, and 0.02% (w/w) essential oils respectively⁸. Chauhan et al. (2012) reported antibacterial, antioxidant, cardio protective and larvicidal activity of Solanum nigrum L. with its dynamic therapeutic role⁹. Kannan et al. (2012) found physiochemical and anti-oxidant properties of Solanum torvum Sw. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presences of saponins, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, volatile oils and flavonoids which showed antibacterial and antioxidant activity was expressed at varying concentration and dose dependent tests⁷⁴. Gabrani et al. (2012) reported that Solanum nigrum was used in various traditional medicinal systems for antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, ant seizure and hepatoprotective activities²². Yusuf et al. (2013) during her studies found that photochemistry and pharmalogical property of Solanum torvum show antimicrobial and antiviral activities²³. Rathor and Gupta (2013) did the in vitro cloned propagation of Solanum nigrum L. and found that nodal shoot segments whereas explants from pruned plants showed 100% response on MS+BAP with 5-6 shoots initiated per node²⁴.

Kumar et al. (2014) investigated use of medicinal plants in oral health care which is used in mouth ulcer²⁵. Abhishek et al. (2015) performed the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic potency of Solanum torvum Sw. against mytoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavas and Fasarium verticilliods²⁶. Janet et al. (2015) worked on fertilizers which helps on growth of Solanum nigrum L. they observed that poultry manure or cow dung corbonic fertilizers might be good option in the cultivation of Solanum nigrum L²⁷. Rajathami et al. (2015) found that screening of Solanum nigrum Sw. for its phytochemical and antimicrobial activity against respiratory tract pathogen²⁸. Palhars et al. (2015) reported that the utilization of plants as a source of medicines is one of the greatest achievements of humankind²⁹.

Akoto et al. (2015) assed the nutritional and mineral composition of the Solanum torvum Sw. Extracts of the fruit possess high iron content and therefore justifying their use as haematics³⁰. Ramamurthy et al. (2016) found that Solanum torvum Sw. have hepatoprotactive and nephroprotective activity³¹. Kalita et al. (2017) found that ethnologic extracts of dried fruits of Solanum torvum show antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards³². Rani et al. (2017) found that Solnanum nigrum L. has anti-microbial activity and can be used clinically to find antibacterial compound for respiratory tract pathogenus, and pharmacological screening of antitumor, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-stress, antioxidant, antimicrobial and hepato-protective activity³³.

Koomson et al. (2018) studied Solanum torvum phytochemical constituent and found that it is a good source of natural products³⁴. Campisi et al. (2019) worked on Solanum nigrum L. and found antioxidant properties in leaf. Vadakkan et al. (2019) found that Solanum torvum have bacterial inhibitor property its root extract used to treat asthma, diabetes and hyperetension by garo tribal healers of India and Bangladesh. Yuan et al. (2020) reported edible African nightshade leaves, an underutilized food resource in the sub-Saharan area⁶. Darkwah et al. (2020) worked on Solanum torvum Sw. and reported anti-oxidant capability against various disease. Kunwar et al. (2021) found that various extracts and purified compounds obtained from the different parts of Solanum nigrum L. have shown a wide range of pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo experiments. Mahmood et al. (2021) studied pharmacological uses of Solanum nigrum Sw. and find that plants and their parts contain active ingredients, alone or in combination to increase the efficacy prevention and treatment of various diseases. Saravanan et al. (2021) Identify phytocompound from its aqueous extract of Solanum torvum unripe fruit using GC-MS analysis against breast cancer. Sargin and Devran (2021) worked on Solanum torvum and found it degree of resistance against virulent. Senizza et al. (2021) studied Solanum torvum phenol and alkaloid profiles in their fruit, leaf, stem and bark.

Abraham et al. (2022) assessed the mineral and macronutrient in boiled fruits and leaves of Solanum torvum Sw. Yang et al. (2022) reviewed cytology combined and metabolomic analyses of Solanum nigrum L. Chidambaram et al. (2022) reported Solanum nigrum L. medicinal properties against cancer and infective diseases. Debata et al. (2022) studied hypoglycemic activity of the different extracts of Solanum torvum roots extracts on Wister albino rats. Satyanararyana et al. (2022) found during the study that ethanol extract of Solanum torvum fruits showed hypoglycemic, hypolipidic and heptoprotective activity in streptococci induced diabetic rats. Its fruit can be a good candidate for novel phytomedicine that can be used to treat several diseases⁴⁷.

Balkrishna et al. (2023) reviewed a nutraceutical analysis of edible Solanum L. species reported in India which are widely used for vegetable and medicines^69,70. In India, 64 species have been reported inclusive of cultivars, out of which 16 species possess medicinal properties⁴⁸. Bai et al. (2022) reported neuroprotective activity of Solanum nigrum against H202-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells⁴⁹. Satyanaryna et al. (2022) reported antidibetic activity of Solanum torvum fruit extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and also useful in hypertension, tooth decay, and reproductive problems⁴⁷. Ismail and Anuar (2023) found the traditional usage of Solanum torvum as remedy for hyper tension⁵⁰.

Mandal et al. (2023) analysed the medicinal property of Solanum nigrum as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiallergic, anticancer and anti-diabetics activity⁵¹. Solanum nigrum have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral properties, also found its potential role in pulmonary complication, cordial complications and psychiatric hematologic complication^75,76. Putri et al. (2023) studied health benefits of Solanum torvum Sw⁵². Sabarinath et al. (2018) reported antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Solanum torvum against some microorganisms which are resistant to various antibiotics⁵³. According to Periyanayagam et al. (2015) study indicates that the total alkaloid extract of the leaves of S. torvum possesses potential in vivo neuro protective activity on Drosophila melanogaster against beta amyloid induced neuronal death⁵⁴. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder, now considered as a major global health problem which is affecting around 9.3% of world population and its incidence is increasing day by day⁵⁵.

Jitendra et al. (2022) Studies on the hypoglycaemic activity of the different extracts of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) root extracts on Wister albino rats and asserts the use of the root of the plant for treating diabetes⁵⁶. Imene et al. (2021) evaluated the antioxidant activity of the fruits of Solanum nigrum L. by chemical and electrochemical methods⁵⁷. Nidhi et al. (2012) studied the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum by dissimilar in-vitro methods⁵⁸. Solanum nigrum L. widely used in traditional medicine in India and other parts of the world to treat liver conditions, psoriasis, ringworm, inflammatory conditions, painful periods, fevers, diarrhoea, eye diseases, hydrophobia, etc⁵⁹.

Bhavani et al. (2015) used Solanum nigrum for the antimicrobial activity and hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen induced liver toxicity in male albino rats and find fruitful result⁶⁰. The antibacterial activity of Solanum nigrum was detected against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Hameed et al. (2017)⁶¹. Vaishvedhidha et al. (2015) reported antimicrobial properties of Solanum nigrum⁶².

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The study was carried out in the month of May to August, 2023 at Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar- Uttarkhand. A literature review done with the help of Google scholar, Pub Med, Pub Chem, Science direct, Google Wikipedia, Flowers of India, Flora of China, Herbal world, Tropicos and Kew Plants of the world online, etc., using keyword 'Medicinal plant, Phytochemical properties, Botanical description and Ethno medicinal use of Solanum species'. For research paper about 10-year data were explored which belonged to duration between 2010 to 2023. During Herbarium preparation fallow all the protocol like drying, pressing, poisoning, stitching, pasting and labeling⁶³. Plant identification done by consulting various online Herbaria like 'https://www.gbif.org, https://ivh.bsi.gov.in/' and collected plant deposited in PRFH (Patanjali Research Foundation Herbarium). A comparative study about Morphology, Phytochemical and Medicinal properties of plant was done and discussed in detail.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:

Solanum nigrum L.

Figure 1: Herbarium of Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum nigrum is 25-100cm tall, erect annual herb pubescent with simple hairs. Stem are often angular, sparsely –pubescent. The leaves are ovate, the bases are cuneate, 4-10 and 3-7cm wide, pubescent, coarsely dentate, the apex is obtuse. Inflorescence extra-axillary umbel, the calyx cup-shaped, the corolla is white, the lobes ovate-oblong, pubescent an axially, ciliate spreading. Filaments are 1-1.5mm long; anther is 2.5-3.5 mm long. The fruits are dull black, globose, 8-10mm in dimeter³³.

Common name:

Makoi and Black night shade, Makoi, Kakamachi, Bhatkoiya.

English name:

Bittersweet or Wood nightshade.

Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum

Species: Solanum nigrum L.

Synonyms:

Solanum acutifolium Kit ex Kanitz⁷⁷,

Solanum torvum Sw.

Solanum torvum Sw. is a small solanaceous shrub distributed widely in India, Malaya, China, Philippines and Tropical America for many decades. Different ethnic groups have used the dried stem and root of this plant for treatment of various ailments. Shrub 100-300cm tall stem and branches are sparsely prickly, stellate tomentose stem with stout reversed reddish or pale-yellow prickles, 0.2-0.1 x 0.2-0.1cm, sometime basal stellate hairs. Leaf petiole 2-4cm long, leaves solitary or paired, ovate, sinuate with many branched stellates hairs on above surface, lobes rarely deep never prickly, 9-13 cm long 5-10cm wide, margin Simuate or usually 5-7 lobes. Apex acute. Inflorescence extra axillaries, many flowered racemes, panicles peduncle mostly 1 or 2 branched, short. Flower andromonoecious, pale white, sepals 0.2-0.5cm long, lanceolate, sparingly hairy. Corolla glabrous, 0.3-0.5cm long, filament 0.1cm long, anther 0.4-0.7cm long. Fruit berry yellow, smooth, 1-1.5cm long calyx, lobes present. Seed yellowish brown in color²³.

Figure 2: Herbarium of Solanum torvum Sw.

Common name:

Turkey berry, Cherry eggplant Brihati, Bankatiya.

English name:

Platebrush, Pea eggplant, Susumber.

Classification:

Kingdome: Planate

Order : Solanales

Family : Solanaceae

Genus : Solanum

Species : Solanum torvum Sw.

Synonyms:

Solanum ferruginoeuin Jacq, Solanum Mayanum Lundell, Solanum ficifolium oxtege⁷⁷.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES:

Solanum nigrum L. possesses numerous compounds that are responsible for pharmacological activity. Its active components are glycoalkaloids, glycoprotein and polysaccharides, polyphenolic compound such as gallic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid (PCA), caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin, and naringenin⁹Green unripe fruits contain Glycoalkaloids which are toxic to human being as well as livestock having solamargine, solasonine, solanine alfa and bita solamagrine, solasodins (0.09-0.65%).

The fruits of Solanum torvum contains minerals like iron, manganese, are inhaled as it helps to get relief in toothache³⁷. In Ghana berry juice is used for treatment of anemia and other ailments⁵. This study shows the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins which are well acknowledged for their health promoting activities and also helpful in maintaining the metabolic functions in the body⁶⁴. S. torvum berries are a good source of antioxidants, useful to improve nutrition Solanum torvum commonly known as Turkey berry, a member of the Solanaceae family. Solanum torvum has phenol compounds which are characterized by one or more hydroxyl substitution on their aromatic ring.

A number of steroidal glycosides viz torvoside A- L among these torvoside a, torvoside B, and torvoside E, torvoside F and G, H are considered to be furostanol glycosides¹⁶. Solanum torvum Sw. has been extensively explored for its chemical constituents. Various parts of the plant like fruit, leaves, and roots are a very good source of alkaloids/flavonoids, saponin, tannins and glycoside. Antiviral bioflavonoid sulfate and steroidal glycosides were also isolated from the fruits of Solanum torvum Sw. MeOH extract of fruits have bioflavonoid sulfate named as torvanol A, and a new steroidal glycoside, named torvoside H, together with the already known glycoside tortoise A^23,33,50.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Solanum nigrum, also known as black nightshade, has been found to contain several chemical constituents. Phytochemical analysis of the plant has shown the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, gallic acid, catechin, and more^9,19,33,65. Previous phytochemical research on Solanum nigrum has resulted in the identification of a variety of components, including alkaloids, lactones, and flavonoids⁴⁹. Six compounds were isolated and identified from Solanum nigrum, including (+) -pinoresinol, (+) -syringaresinol, (+) -medioresinol, scopoletin, tetracosanoic acid, and beta-sitosterol¹⁹. Steroidal saponins, phenols, and other compounds have also been found in Solanum nigrum^44,
49. These chemical constituents may have potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and industry. Solanum torvum, also as turkey berry, has several chemical constituents, including alkaloids which are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain nitrogen. They have a wide range of biological activities and are often used in medicine³⁷.

Table 1: Comparative Medicinal use of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw.

Plant part	*Solanum nigrum* L.	*Solanum torvum* Sw.	References
Root	Ringworm	Cracked foot, cough	9, 3, 33, 23
Stem	Cough	Asthma and diabetes hypertension	9, 33, 23
Leaves	Liver tonic and Indigestion	Indigestion and Coughs	9, 3
Flower	Snake bite and Painful period	Bacterial, fungal diseases and pain	9, 3, 17
Fruits	Blindness, conjunctivitis Glaucoma, and skin diseases Anti cancer (hela cell)	Cough and Edema	23, 33, 12
Seed	Cough and etching	Toothache	25, 33, 51

Flavonoids are a group of plant pigments that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are found in many fruits and vegetables and have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases^7,37. Tannins are a type of polyphenol that are found in many plant foods, including tea, coffee, and wine. They have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties³⁷. Saponins are a class of compounds that have soap-like properties. They are found in many plants and have been shown to have a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects³⁷. Glycosides are a class of compounds that contain a sugar molecule attached to a non-sugar molecule. They are found in many plants and have a range of biological activities^7,37. Solanum torvum fruits contain oil, which can be extracted and used for various purposes. Solanum torvum fruits contain vitamins E, B, and C³⁷. Solanum torvum fruits and leaves contain a range of minerals, including iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and sulfur^37,43. Steroidal glycosides are a class of compounds that have a steroid nucleus and a sugar molecule attached. They have been shown to have a range of biological activities, including antiviral effects⁷.

Isoflavonoid sulfate is a type of flavonoid that has been shown to have antihypertensive effects⁷. Overall, Solanum torvum contains a range of chemical constituents that have potential medicinal and nutritional benefits. Solanum nigrum, used in traditional medicine for various purposes. Here are some of the medicinal properties of Solanum nigrum like Antitumorigenic⁶⁵, Antioxidant, which can help protect against oxidative stress and prevent chronic diseases, Anti-inflammatory, which can help reduce inflammation and pain^65,67, Hepatoprotective, including jaundice, as a diuretic to increase urine production and help remove excess fluids from the body⁶⁵, Antipyretic to reduce fever⁶⁷, Antiproliferative, which can help prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells²², leaves have been used as a sedative to treat insomnia, as a cholagogic to stimulate the flow of bile from the gallbladder, leaves have been used as an anesthetic to treat convulsions, Solanum nigrum has been used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, carbuncles, and furuncles⁶⁵.

The present investigation shows the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins in the berries of Solanum torvum which are well acknowledged for their health promoting activities and also helpful in maintaining the metabolic functions in the body³⁴. It has been reported that the phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of S. torvum exhibited anti-oxidant activity¹⁴ as well as the plant has anti-mycobacterial and cytotoxic activities⁶. Solanum torvum has several potential medicinal properties, as highlighted in various studies. Here are some of the medicinal properties of Solanum torvum as Cardio protection and heart-related diseases treatment³⁷. It has been found to have nephro-protective properties, which can help protect the kidneys from damage^16,37, Anti-inflammatory, which can help reduce inflammation and pain³⁷, Analgesic, which can help relieve pain³⁷, Antihypertensive, which can help lower blood pressure³⁷, Anti-ulcer, which can help prevent the formation of ulcers in the stomach, Antimicrobial, which can help prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi¹⁶, Antiviral, which can help prevent the growth and spread of viruses⁷. Solanum torvum contains bioactive compounds that have potential as functional food and drink, including isoflavonoid sulfate and steroidal glycosides^{52, 77,78}.

CONCLUSION:

Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum torvum Sw. Are member of the solanaceae family and it is often used to treat a broad range of infectious disorders that may harm humans. Theses herbs not only possess beneficial medicinal characteristics, but they also mitigate the potential side effects of some medications. In addition, they possess beneficial therapeutic characteristics. Phytochemicals of these plants are used effectively to treat a variety of fever, asthma, toothaches, eczema, reproductive disorder and hypertension, etc., Solanum nigrum and Solanum torvum plant have distinct chemical components which are referred to as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides, etc., in the present study, we investigated the morphological, phytochemical and medicinal properties of by the Solanum nigrum and Solanum torvum plants. Solanum nigrum has a range of potential medicinal properties, including antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, antiproliferative, sedative, cholagogic, and anesthetic properties. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using Solanum nigrum for medicinal purposes. Solanum torvum also has a range of potential medicinal properties, including cardio-protection, nephro-protection, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihypertensive, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and bioactive compounds. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using Solanum torvum for medicinal purposes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Authors are grateful to Param Pujya Swami Ramdev ji for facilitation; Thanks, are also due to Param Pujya Acharya Balkrishna ji for encouragements in various ways while working in Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar. Several types of support extended by Dr. Vedpriya Arya, Head, Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar is also being thankfully acknowledged. Credit also goes to reviewers Prof. A. Sajeli Begum, Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus and Roman M. Lysiuk, Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv, National Medical University Lviv, Ukraine.

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Received on 25.08.2023 Modified on 14.02.2024

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(3):145-153.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00028

Plant part	*Solanum nigrum* L.	*Solanum torvum* Sw.	References
Root	Glycoalkaloids	Glycosides and Protein	8, 9, 11, 23
Stem	Steroidal saponins	Ethanol Flavonoids	8, 12
Leaves	Hydro-alcoholic glycosides	Ethnolic Tannins	8, 9, 42
Flower	Alkaline phosphate	Phenol compounds Protein, Glycated glycogen	8, 12, 15
Fruit	Flavonoids	Methanol, ethanol and alkaloids	8, 66
Seed	glycosides	Protein	9, 42
Whole plant	Chloroform Methanol	Ammonium sulphate, Glycosides	11, 23