A Review of the Pharmacological effects of Alpinia galanga Linn. and it’s Phytoconstituents

 

Diksha Sharma¹, Kamal Jeet², Sanjay Kumar³*

¹Department of Pharmacognosy, Career Point University, Hamirpur.

²Department of Pharmacognosy, Assistant Professor, Career Point University, Hamirpur.

³Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, Kathog,

Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh.

 

ABSTRACT:

Middle class people who live in rural or urban areas often find it difficult to get modern health services, so they more often use traditional medicines obtained from herbal plants that grow around them. From the ancient Vedic era, green plants are being used for their medicinal properties to treat several diseases. Green plants represent a big source of bioactive compounds. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) of Zingiberaceae family is one amongst those medicinally important plants. Alpinia galanga plant is used in medicine and in food preparation. Rhizome extract of Alpinia galanga have high phenolic and flavonoid contents when compared to leaf extract. Because of elevated phenolic and flavonoid content in rhizome extract of Alpinia galanga there is noticeable antimicrobial as well as radical scavenging potential. It is a well-known official drug thought out the country as integrated contribution of nature. It is commonly used for the management of eczema, coryza, bronchitis, otitis interna, gastritis, ulcers, morbilli and cholera, pityriasis versicolor, to clear the mouth, emaciation. The different parts of the plant have various effects like antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiplatelet, antiviral, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant effects, hypolipidemic and many others. The current review add significant information about its, pharmacological activities, medicinal properties and phytochemical investigations as a traditional drug to cure for a number of diseases. Every fraction of the plant has valuable properties that can deliver humanity. The complete plant will be broadly investigated for further future prospective.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Alpinia galanga (L.) is known as greater galangal belongs to genus Alpinia and one of the species that is widely cultivated in East Bengal, South India, and South East Asia. It is popularly known as Greater galangal.

 

 

There are several vernacular names to this plant in different languages. In Hindi, it is known as Kulanjan; Dhumarasmi, Sugandhavachi in Kannada; Mahabaracach, Sugandha Vacha, Rasna in Sanskrit; Arattha, Kol-inji, Pararatta Pararatta in Malayalam; Pedda-dhumpa in Telugu and Pera-rattai in Tamil.

 

Many authors believe that this species is native to Sumatra and Java (Roxburgh, 1812, Watt, 1883, Burkill, 1935, Singh, 1965, Schumann, 1904). However, many of the species can be found in the Malay Peninsula as cultivated crops or wild plants.

 

Galangal, a tropical herbaceous plant of the Zingiberaceae family, grows to a height of 1.8 m and has long, elegant, blade-like leaves. The flowers are greenish white with dark red veined tips. Rhizome is built up from cylindrical subunits, whose pale-reddish surface is characteristically cross striped by reddish brown, small rings. The interior has about the same color as the skin. Galangal is valued as an herbaceous food and medicinal plant. The rhizome is used for indigestion, colic dysentery and cancer of the stomach; it is also a remedy for food poisoning.

 

Streptomyceshygroscopicus BRM10, an endophyte of Alpinia galanga Swartz.Extraction of the culture medium of the strain BRM10 afforded 1-methyl ester-nigericin (a novel nigericin), which displayed strongantibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria. Rhizomes are the economic part which is extensively used in Indian system of medicine to cure various ailments like fever, dyspepsia, rheumatic pains, kidney stones, skin diseases, bronchitis, chest pain, disease of heart, lumbago, etc.

 

It has been shown that essential oils from both fresh and dried rhizomes of galangal have antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, yeast and parasite. Alpinia galangal contains “beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, p-cymene, limonene, piperazine” etc. These phytochemicals might acts against Peptic Ulcer^1-7.

 

Taxonomy:

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Viridiplantae

Infrakingdom: Streptophyta

Superdivision: Embryophyta

Division: Tracheophyta

Subdivision: Spermatophytes

Class: Magnoliopsida

Super order: Lilianae

Order: Zingiberales

Family: Zingiberaceae

Genus: Alpinia

Species: (a). Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.; (b) Alpinia Alba (Retz.) Roscoe.; (c) Alpinia bifida Warb.; (d) Alpinia galanga subsp. pyramidata (Blume) K.Schum.; (e) Alpinia pyramidata Blume.

 

Alpinia galanga is a ginger -like perennial herb is native to Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam, Java, and Sumatra.

 

Alpinia galanga (L) Willd is widely cultivated in Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and China.And Alpinia galanga is widely cultivated in East Bengal, South India and South East Asia.

 

Alpinia galanga is a shade-loving tropical plant. Its natural habitat is in forests, scrub or grasslands, from 100 to 1300 m altitude. Widely cultivated and prefers a rich, well-drained soil high in organic matter and grows well in shade or partial shade. It cannot tolerate waterlogged soils or drought.

 

Morphology:

Zingiberaceous plants are characterized by generally rhizomatous herbs with distichous, sheathing, usually ligulate leaves. Flowers are mostly in terminal spikes or racemes, bracteates, zygomorphic, bisexual and epigynous, trimerous; perianth biseriate; only median posterior stamen is fertile with dithecous anther, petaloid staminodes forming showy labellum; style terminal passing through the folded filament of fertile stamen with extruded stigma; ovary trilocular with many anatropous, bitegmic ovules in axile placentation; nectaries 2, epigynous, capsules with many arillate or non-arillate seeds.

 

 

Fig 1: Morphological characteristics of A. galanga a) Clump, b) Leaves, c)Ligule, d) upper leaf surface, e) Leaf Apex, f) Leaf base, g & h) Inflorescences, i & j) Flowers, k & l) Rhizomes, m) Labulum, n) dorsal and Side lobes o) Infructescence p) Fruit, q) Seeds

It is proposed that Alpinia be subdivided into two subgenera, namely Alpinia and Dieramalpinia. It has long been recognized that subgenus Probolocalyx does not forma homogeneous group; Valeton (1913) correctly transferred two species to Riedelia, the remainder are here assigned to four different subsections of subgenus Alpinia. Catimbium is retained but reduced to subsectional rank.

 

 

The complete description of A. galanga plan is perennial herbs; leafy shoot reaching 2.1-3m tall, erect with 1o to 11 leaves; pseudostem green and glabrous, 1.5-2cm in diameter, base of leaf shoot reddish green, young shoots reddish. Rihizomes subteret length 5-6cm diameter 2-4.5 cm, hard fibrous shiny, cylindrical, branched 4-5 segments, outer skin colour reddish brown, pale greenish yellow when old, inner rhizomes is white hard- textured, strong aroma, ligule 2mm long, apex rounded, green pubscent; petiole short 3mm, green, pubesent; leaf sheath green with margin length green, glaborous in adaxial and pubescent abaxial; leaf lanolate oblong, 26-53cm x 8-1cm, shiny on both surface, adaxially green, surface prominently plicate, abaxially pale green, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margine entire white (thin line), undulating, slightly plicate.

 

Bracts open to the base. Inflorescence is terminal racemose, green white or yellowish, 10-30cm x 5-7cm, pubescent; dencely set pedumcle 7-10cm long, greenish, shiny, a cincinnus with 2 until 6 flowers; bracts 7-17cm, base truncate, apexacuminate, cilliate 1cm, light brown; flowers fragrant, 2.5-4cm long, yellow – white; pedicel 0.5-1cm long, shiny and white; rubular calyx, white, 1cm long; corolla lobe3, 1.5 x 0.6cm, margins ciliate, oblonglanccolate, greenish- white, recurved, stammen white shiny, erect; filament, 1.2cm long; anther incurved; white 0.6cm long white; no anther crest; lateral staminodes, 6 – 8mm long, position at base of the labellum, subulate lobes, reddish at base; style slightly longer than stamen, stigma obtriangular^8-14.

 

Phytoconstituents:

Alpinia galanga is a rhizomatous herb rich in essential oils and various other significant phytoconstituents. When plat is extracted with petroleum ether and ethanol it yield 6.25% w/w petroleum ether extract and 4.58% w/w ethanol extract. The petroleum ether extract contains steroids while ethanol extract contains alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and proteins.

 

Alpinia galanga contains various chemical constituents such as Flavonoids, Steroids, Terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and proteins. benzenepropanal, 3-phenyl-2 butanone, 1, 8-cineole, α-fenchyl acetate, camphor, methyl cinnamate, and guaiol.

 

 

The major phytochemical constituents found in leaf extracts of A. galanga were benzenepropanal (37.35±0.5%) and 3-phenyl-2-butanone (20.49±0.6%) whereas, rhizome extract contain carotol (17.44±0.3%), Eucalyptol (13.89±0.2%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (11.28±0.3%) as major constituents.

 

The major components of rhizomesare α-pinene, 1, 8-cineole, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, αbergamotene, trans β-farnesene and β-bisabolene andIt contains 1, 8- cineole 58.5%, trans -β-farnesene 8.1%, β-bisabolene 3.9%, β-sesquiphellandrene 3.2%, methyl eugenol 3.6%, eugenyl acetate 2.3%, 4-terpineol 2.2%, geranyl acetate 1.4%, α-bergamotene 1.7%. It also contains phenylpropanoids like acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), acetoxyeugenol acetate and p-coumaryl diacetate, responsible for the anti-tumour, anti-HIV and anti-parasitic activities^15-23.

 

  

 

 

Fig 2: Alpinia galanga a.plant b. flower c. variation in leaves d. Different stages of development of inflorescence e. rhizomes

 

 

Phytochemical analysis:

Several methods have been reported for the analysis of phytoconstituents present in Alpinia galangal. The instruments like HPLC, HPTLC, TLC, FTIR, GC-MS are used to determine fluorides, steroids and total phenolic content present in plant Alpinia galanga.

Total flavonoid content of leaf and rhizome extracts of both A.galanga and A.calcarata were estimated using aluminum chloride colorimetric method. TFC was analyzed from the calibration curve obtained through Quercetin.^24-32

 

Pharmacological uses:

 

The plant is reported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antitumor, anticalculi and anti-HIV properties. It also hasGastric Anti-secretory, Antifungal, insecticidal and Cytoprotective properties.

 

Plant also found to have Anti-allergic, Anti-diabetic, Anti- proliferative, Cardio protective, Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition, Antiplatelet properties and Immunomodulatory. Alcoholic extract of plat shows effect on the testes resulting in an increase in the number of spermatozoa and the increased level of testosterone production in rat.

 

The plant also have used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, spasmolytic, bronchitis, rheumatism, anticancer, intermittent fevers, incontinence control, vomiting, stomachache and indigestion^33-39.

 

Traditional uses:

Alpinia galanga (L) Willd. (Zingiberaceae) is known for its importance in Ayurveda, folk medicine, Unani and Siddha. Alpinia galanga is renowned in different traditional systems of medicine to treat many diseases. The fruits of Alpinia galanga (L.) are used as a traditional Chinese medicine.

 

A large number of plants belonging to the Zingiberaceae like Alpinia galanga Willd are used in the traditional medicine of certain countries. The plant has also been listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India.

 

The rhizome has also been used as condiment in many regions of the globe. It is extensively used in traditional medicines mostly in Asian countries due to its ethnobotanical activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, spasmolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties⁴⁰.

 

The rhizome is used in the treatment of various diseases such as microbial infections, diabetes, throat infections, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases, ulcer, bronchitis, rheumatism, incontinence, chronic enteritis, bad breath, whooping cough, and fever.

 

Many Alpinia species are appreciated for their medicinal properties and are also used in traditional medicines as a spasmolytic, hypotensive, anti-emetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, bacteriastatic, fungistatic effects in India, China and other regions.

 

The rhizomes of A.galanga is an essential spice used for flavouring food, smells as cardamom so mainly used as spices and condiment along with its medicinal properties. The rhizome is used against rheumatid arthritis, bronchial catarrh, ulcers, whooping colds in children, throat infections, intermittent fevers, incontinence control, vomiting, stomach ache and indigestion.

 

Alpinia galanga is renowned in different traditional systems of medicine to treat microbial infections, inflammations, rheumatic pains, chest pain, dyspepsia, and fever, diabetes, burning of the liver, kidney disease, tumours and even HIV.^41-45

 

CONCLUSION:

This review provides valuable information about the morphology, phytochemistry, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological actions of the plant Alpinia galangal. The plant contain various phytoconstituets like benzenepropanal, 3-phenyl-2-butanone, 1, 8-cineole, α-fenchyl acetate, camphor, methyl cinnamate, and guaiol. These have many pharmacological actvities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antitumour, anticalculi and anti-HIV properties. Phytoconstituents present in Alpinia galangal are estimatated by using various techniques like HPTLC, TLC, FTIR, GC-MS.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

We are thankful tothe Principal, Management and Colleagues for their support and guidance.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors states that no conflict of interests.

 

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Received on 05.04.2023         Modified on 21.09.2023

Accepted on 26.12.2023       ©A&V Publications All right reserved