A Review on Various Phytochemical Structure Significance of Terminalia arjuna

 

Arjun Singh*

Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College,

Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: arjunphar@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

Traditional medicine is a body of knowledge, abilities, and procedures based on the assumptions, convictions, and experiences of traditional cultures in order to preserve their health. Many rural or indigenous people in many developing countries highly value traditional herbal treatments. Around 80% of people worldwide, including 60% of rural Indians, rely on traditional medicine, according to the World Health Organization. Utilization of herbal supplements increased from 2.5% to 12% over the previous five years. India's transition from traditional to modern medicine has been made easier by the evaluation of novel medications, particularly those derived from phytochemicals. Some of the chemical elements present in medicinal plants include tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenols. As a result, we are attempting to summarize, gather the number of plants, and their ethnopharmacological qualities in this complete review study research.

 

KEYWORDS: Traditional medicine, Herbals, Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plants.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The preservation of plant resources, sustainable development, and the search for novel use patterns have increased the relevance of traditional knowledge systems throughout the world. This comprehensive analysis discusses the ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of its ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological, and clinical value to a variety of disorders, particularly cardiovascular issues. This plant has a good safety profile when combined with other conventional medications. Based on numerous studies, this review highlights a number of pharmacological properties including anti-oxidant, hypotensive, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and gastro-productive action1-5.

 

 

METHODS:

Materials:

A library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journal articles, as well as electronic database searches using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, were used to gather the information on various plants that have historically been used for pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and the treatment of disorders6-10.

 

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (T. arjuna):

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (T. arjuna) is one of the most accepted and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various critical diseases. Terminalia arjuna, sometimes known as arjuna, is a member of the Combretaceae family. Its bark decoction is used for anginal discomfort, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidaemia on the Indian subcontinent, based on centuries of observations by ancient physicians. Arjuna's potential for treating a variety of cardiovascular illnesses needs to be investigated further. It is belonging to genus Terminalia. The major pharmacological activities are analgesic, antiaggregant, antidote, antiischemic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, bradycardic, cardioprotective, deobstruent, diuretic, expectorant, hemostat, hepatoprotective, hypertensive, hypotensive, laxative, litholytic, positive inotropic, prostaglandigenic, sedative, tonic. T. arjuna's principal ingredients in stem bark, root bark, fruits, leaves, and seeds have all been identified. The main ingredients of T. arjuna include polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, sterols, and minerals. T. arjuna also contains tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, and cysteine, among other amino acids12-19.

 

The major phytochemical constituents are found in different part of arjuna20-29

 

Stem bark:

1.     Triterpenoids: Arjunin, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid, Terminoltin, Arjunolic acid

2.     Ursane triterpenoids: 2α,3β-dihydroyurs-12,18-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-glucopyranosyl ester, Qudranoside VIII, Kajiichigoside F1, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-23-trihydroxyurs-12,19-dien-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester

3.     Glycosides: Arjunetin, Arjunoside I, II, Arjunolone, Arjunolitin, Arjunaphthanoloside, Arjunglucoside IV and V, Arjunasides A-E,      Olean-3β, 22β-diol-12-en-28 β-D-glucopyranosie-oic acid, Terminarjunoside I and II, Terminoside A, Termionic acid

4.     Flavonoids and phenolics: Arjunone, Luteolin, Baicalein, Ethyl gallate, Gallic acid, Kempferol, Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, Pelargonidin, Quercetin, (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin, Gallic acid, ellagic acid and its derivatives such as 3-O-methyl-ellagic acid 4-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 3-O-rhamnoside, 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 4′-O-α-l-rhamnophranoside (−)-epicatechin           

5.     Tannins: Pyrocatechols, Punicallin, Castalagin, Casuariin, Casuarinin, Punicalagin, Terchebulin, Terflavin C      

6.     Minerals and trace elements: Calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, sili       

7.     Other compounds: β-Sitosterol

 

Roots:

1.     Triterpenoids:

Arjunoside I-IV, Arjunolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Terminic acid, 2α,19α-Dihydroxy-3Oxo-Olean-12-En28-Olic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Arjunic acid.

2.     Glycosides:

Arjunetosie (3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2α, 3β, 19α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside)      

 

Fruits:

1.     Triterpenoids and flavonoids:

Arjunic acid, Arjunone, Arachidic stearate, Cerasidin, Ellagic acid, Fridelin, Gallic acid, Hentriacontane, Methyl oleaolate, Myristyl oleate, β-Sitisterol.

 

Leaves and seeds:

1.     Flavonoids and glycosides:

Luteolin, 14,16-dianhydrogitoxigenin 3-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 > 2)-O-β-d-galactopyranoside

 

 

Major phytochemical structures from Terminalia arjuna:

 

 

 

DISCUSSION:

The extensive survey of literature revealed that the medicinal plants are an important source of many pharmacologically and medicinally important chemicals, such as arjunone, arjunolic acid and various useful alkaloids. The plant has also been widely studied for their various pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anxiolytic, adaptogen, memory enhancing, antiparkinsonian, antivenom, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties. Various other effects like immunomodulation, hypolipidemic, antibacterial, cardiovascular protection, sexual behaviour, tolerance and dependence have also been studied. Although the results from this review are quite promising for the use of TA as a multi-purpose medicinal agent, several limitations currently exist in the current literature. While TA has been used successfully in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, more clinical trials should be conducted to support its therapeutic use. It is also important to recognize that TA extracts may be effective not only on isolation, but may actually have a modulating effect when given in combination with other herbs or drugs30-47.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The author has no conflicts of interest.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The author would like to thank NCBI, PubMed and Web of Science for the free database services for their kind support during this study.

 

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Received on 15.12.2022         Modified on 09.04.2023

Accepted on 24.07.2023       ©A&V Publications All right reserved

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(1):26-30.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00006