INTRODUCTION:

A member of the Fabaceae family is Albizia Odoratissima Benth (L.F). It is a deciduous tree that develops swiftly and has a diameter of 120–150cm. It can reach heights of 15–25m. In India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, China, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam, it is a common plant. The heartwood of Albizia odoratissima is dark brown to black, dense, and often striped. It seasons with few problems, works and polishes well, and is used in structural timber, furniture and agricultural implements¹ ². All part of the plant shows activities such as anxiety, and depression. The flower head has oxytocic, digestive, sedative, insomnia, anthelmintic, and diuretic.

The stem part has analgesics, stimulants, swelling, injuries, abscesses, diuretics, and anthelmintics and is mostly used for diabetes³. Trees of Albizia odoratissima are a major source of fuel which are produced by the dead and defective branches from shade trees. The tree produces an insoluble gum that has been combined with other gums and is used as an extender. The Leaves of Albizia odoratissima are excellent cattle fodder and monkeys eat the pods.³ The dense root system of the tree reduces soil erosion, and it was planted to conserve soil. Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies have not been reported for the Leaf part of this plant.⁴

Plant Profile:

Albizia odoratissima:

The name of the plant: Albizia odoratissima Benth (L.F)

Common name: Black siris, Fragrant Albizia, Tea shade tree.

English name of the plant: Ceylon rosewood

Biological source of the plant: It contains dries seeds of Albizia odoratissima Benth (L.F) belongs to the family Fabaceae-Mimosoideae.

Botanical Description:

It is a rapidly expanding tree that may reach heights of 15 to 25m (49 to 82 ft), has a diameter of 120 to 150cm (47 to 59 in), and is found in significant numbers in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, China, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Timber of Albizia odoratissima varies from dark brown to black, is dense, durable, and occasionally striped.⁴ It works and polishes well, seasons with few difficulties, and is utilized in structural timber, furniture, and agricultural tools. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipulate; stipule free, lateral, caducous; rachis 20-30cm long, stout, grooved above, brown pubescent, with a gland at the base, pinnae 2-8 pairs,opposite, even pinnate, 5-13cm long, slender, puberulent, glands between the junctions of 1-2 distal pairs of pinnae; leaflets 14-40, opposite, even pinnate, estipellate, sessile; lamina 1.8-2.5 x 0.5-1.2cm, oblong, base oblique, apex obtuse and apiculate, margin entire, glabrous, coriaceous; midrib subcentral to submarginal, lateral nerves 3-6 pairs, pinnate, slender, prominent, intercostae reticulate, prominent.⁵ The flowers are fragrant and appear as large terminal clusters coloring white withering and pale orange and the leaflets are bipinnately compounded, with three to nine pairs of pinnae and between ten and thirty pairs of pinnules.The mature pods, also referred as the seeds, are flat, dark brown or reddish brown, measuring 13–20cm (5.1–7.9) in length, 2-4cm (0.79–1.57) in width, and comprising 8–12 mature reddish brown pods, each weighing around 0.5g. The bark is dark grey with horizontal lenticels^5,6

Taxonomical Description:

Kingdom : Plantae

Clade : Mimosoid clade

Order : Fabales

Family : Fabaceae

Subfamily : Mimosoideae

Genus : Albizia

Species : A. odoratissima

Geographical location:

The Albizia odoratissima tree is a wild-grown tree found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, China Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

Morphology:

The Tree of Albizia odoratissima Benth (L.f) is a fast-growing deciduous tree and the Tree has different parts which have different morphological characters. Parts of a plant consist of root, stem, flower, leaves and seeds.⁷,⁸

Leaves:

The leaves possess three to nine pairs of pinnae and approximately ten to thirty pairs of pinnules, rendering them bipinnately compounded. Bipinnate, alternate, stipulate leaves are stipule free, lateral, caducous; rachis 20-30cm long, stout, grooved above, brown pubescent, with a gland at the base, pinnae 2-8 pairs, opposite, even pinnate, 5-13cm long.⁹

Flower:

The flowers are fragrant and appear as large terminal clusters colouring white withering and pale orange. Flowers are 10-15 per head, dimorphic, pale yellowish white, and fragrant.⁹

Seed:

The seed or pods are dark brown or reddish brown flat and thin from 13-20cm (5.1-7.9) in long 2-4cm (0.79-1.57) in wide and contain 8-12 reddish brown mature pods, each weighing about 0.5g.⁵

Pharmacological Activities:

Antioxidant Activity:

Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol extracts of Leaves of Albizia odoratissima were Reported for Invitro Antioxidant Activity by,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.^10,11,12

Antimicrobial Activity:

The Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol extracts of Leaves of Albizia odoratissima Reported for Invitro Antioxidant Activity by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), determined by broth microdilution method against Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus Vulgaris) and Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus).^10,13,14

Antidiabetic Activity:

The ethanolic extract of the bark of Albizia odoratissima was reported for the Antidiabetic Activity is performed on the Albino Mice and the dose was 250-500mg/kg body weight for 28 days.^15,16

Physiochemical Study:

Moisture Content:

Moisture content is evaluated using the loss on drying technique until a steady weight was obtained, a 5gm sample was placed in an oven set at 150°C. The sample obtained after drying were used to calculate water or moisture content of the drug sample as in form of percentage.^17,18

Total Ash Value:

Purity and Quality of crude drugs are determined by Ash value. A silica crucible was loaded with 2 grammes of seed powder, andignited in a Furnace at 600˚C until it was white. After cooling in a desiccator, the ash was weighted. The sample obtained were used to calculate the total ash content and expressed as a percentage.^17,19

Extractivesvalues:

Considering the drug, four different solvent Methanol, water, Chloroform, and alcohol were used for determining extractive values. About 4 gram of powder drug taken into 100 ml of above solution and subjected to maceration. After 24 hours, extraction was filtered and filtered solution kept in oven at 100˚C until the solution is completely dry and get a constant weight.^19,20

Preliminary Phytochemical Studies:

Preliminary phytochemical tests for its presence or absence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, Amino acids, Fat, oils and Gum’s Mucilage’s according to standard methods.^{21,22,23,24,25}

Tests for alkaloids:

a. Dragendroff’s test:

Add 1ml of Dragendroff's reagent to a few drops of plant extract. The presence of alkaloids is indicated by the formation of an orange-red precipitate.

b. Wagner’s test:

Add 1ml of Wagner's reagent to 1-2ml of plant extract. The development of a reddish-brown precipitate which indicates the presence of alkaloids.²⁶

c. Mayer’s test:

Add 1ml of Mayer's reagent to several drops of plant extract. Alkaloids can be identified by the development of a dull white precipitate.

d. Hager’s test:

Add 1ml of Hager's reagent to several drops of plant extract. A yellow precipitate's appearance indicates the presence of alkaloids.²⁷

Test for carbohydrates:

a. Molisch’s test:

Add a few drops of α-naphthol solution in alcohol to the plant extract, shake well, then add concentrated H2So4 along the test tube's side walls. Carbohydrates are present as seen by the violet ring that formed when the two liquids merged.

b. Fehling’s test:

The solutions of Fehling A and B were combined in an equal ratio and added to 1ml of plant extract. It was boiled for one minute. The presence of carbohydrates is indicated by the presence of a brick-red precipitate.

c. Benedict’s test:

Plant extract was combined with an equal volume of Benedict's reagent, heated for two minutes, and then cooled. Carbohydrates can be detected by the production of a crimson red precipitate.

Test for Phyto steroids:

a. Liebermann-Burchard test:

A little amount of plant extract was dissolved in chloroform, which was then heated in a water bath and cooled. On the side of the test tube, a few drops of conc.H₂SO₄ were added. The presence of Phyto steroid is indicated by the development of a bluish-green colour.

b. Salkowski test:

A small quantity of plant extract was dissolved in chloroform, and then an equivalent volume of conc. H₂SO₄ acid was added to the test tube's sidewalls. Green fluorescence in the acid layer and the development of bluish red to cherry red colour in the chloroform layer suggest the presence of Phyto steroids.

Test for saponins:

A 1-2ml of the extract was diluted with distilled water, then shaken. The presence of saponin is indicated by persistent froth production.

Test for tannins:

A few drops of a diluted ferric chloride solution were added to the 1-2ml plant extract, and the development of a dark blue colour indicates the presence of tannins.

Test for Flavonoids:

a. Shinoda’s test:

The test tube was filled with 1ml of plant extract dissolved in alcohol, a few magnesium turns, and a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Flavonoids are present when a light pinkish-red tint appears.

b. Ferric Chloride test:

Flavonoids are present in 1ml of plant extract solution when a few drops of ferric chloride solution are added.

c. Alkaline reagent test:

The yellow colour of 1ml of plant extract solution increases when treated with sodium hydroxide solution and turns colourless when a few drops of diluted acid are added.

d. Lead Acetate solution test:

Yellow precipitates are produced by adding a few drops of lead acetate solution (10%).

Tests for Proteins and Amino acids:

a. Biuret test: 4% NaOH and a few drops of 1% CuSO4 solution were added to 2-3ml of plant extract solution, and a violet or pink colour was observed.

b. Million’s test: White precipitate was produced by combining 2-3ml of a plant extract solution with 5ml of Million's reagent. Brick red precipitation or red precipitation after cooling are both characteristics of warmed precipitation.

c. Xanthoprotein test: 1ml of concentrated H2SO4 and 2-3ml of plant extract solution were added and simply looked as white precipitate.

d. Ninhydrin test: In a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, a solution of 2-3ml plant extract and 3 drops of a 5% Ninhydrin solution were heated. for purple or bluish colour observation.

Tests for Glycosides:

a. Hydrolysis of extract: The following tests are performed on the hydrolysate after a small amount of the extracts is hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid for a few minutes in a water bath.

b. Legal’s test: 1ml of the pyridine, a few drops of sodium nitroprusside solution, and sodium hydroxide solution are added to the hydrolysate to make it alkaline. Glycosides can be identified by changes in colour.

c. Borntrager’s test: Chloroform is used to treat hydrolysate, and then the layer of chloroform is separated. Add the same amount of diluted ammonia solution to this. The ammonical layer's colour variations indicate the presence of glycoside.

Test for Gums and Mucilage’s:

1. Ruthenium red test: Ruthenium red solution is added after a small amount of plant extract has been diluted with water. Gums and mucilage are indicated by pink colour production.

Test for Fixed Oils and Fats:

1. Spot test: Press a small amount of the plant extract to be tested into the filter paper's folds; if a greasy spot appears, this indicates that the extracts contain oils and fats.

Traditional Uses:

Barks: The bark of Albizia odoratissima (L.F) Benth is traditionally use in the treatment of ulcers. The bark of the plant is also utilised as a leprosy treatment in addition to being used to treat ulcers. The bark is applied Externally and also for persistent ulcers. ²⁸ The methanolic extract of bark of Albizia odoratissima show the Antidiabetic effect, in alloxan induced albino mice it shows the significant reduced in the levels of triglycerides, serum cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphate and decrement in total proteins.^29,15

Leaf: In poultice the leaves of Albizia odoratissima are applied for the treatment of Ulcers. The leaf is used to treat Coughs.^28,30,31,32

CONCLUSION:

The review demonstrates the Pharmacognostic profile, phytochemical study and Pharmacological Activities and therapeutical uses of Albizia odoratissima (L.F) Benth (Fabaceae). Albizia odoratissima (L.F) Benthis used for the treatment of various diseases like Coughs, diabetes, Ulcers and Leprosy in all over the world. It is important medicinal plant with Antidiabetic, Antiulcer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activities. The Pharmacognostical profile and phytochemical study helps in the identification of plant.

ACKNOWLEGEMENT:

The authors are immensely grateful for the help and assistance Dr. Arshu Patel and Dr. Vilas Ghawate provided for the contributions in aiding the discovery of many publications based on the Albizia odoratissima (L. F.) Benth as well as for the creative information regarding the review article. For her assistance in gathering the necessary data, Ms. Sharvari Vikhe. Ms. Pallavi Sonawane contributed to the data collecting and wrote the review article and manuscript. We also want to thank Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy in Pravaranagar, Maharashtra, India for providing the resources we needed to do this review.

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Received on 28.01.2023 Modified on 11.03.2023

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(3):225-229.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00035