INTRODUCTION:

Due to their lack of evident economic worth, there are an infinite number of plants on this green globe that are regarded as undesired, weeds, or wild. These plants do, however, thrive in harsh environments and have made good adaptations to them. But each creature that Mother Nature has made has worth. Nothing exists in vain. Therefore, these herbaceous weeds also have something useful in their genomic makeup, but to be properly investigated in a sustainable way, they need keen eyes and considerable passion. Many plants that were once thought to be useless have now been shown to be extremely useful in terms of their phytochemicals.

In fact, the wild shrubs, trees, and herbs are the greatest sources of new phytochemicals, hence one goal of biodiversity study is to protect these priceless gene.

According to information provided by WHO, traditional medicines are safe to use in the treatment of infections with microbial and non-microbial origins. According to the WHO, medicinal plants are the best source of medications. As a result, these plants should be thoroughly examined and analyzed to determine their structural and functional characteristics as well as their individual medicinal activities.¹

Argemone mexicana:

Mexican native Argemone mexicana is a yearly weed that is primarily associated with hard areas and farming operations. It is a major weed for several cash-producing crops in the regions of the world with tropical or subtropical climates and high humidity. It is also known as the Mexican prickly poppy, blossoming thistle, cardo or cardosantro, among other names. This plant is known by a number of names in India, including agara, bharband, bharbhar, and brahamandandi. This demanding plant species is thought to pose a health danger. Farmers find it annoying when used with tainted food because it causes severe itching.²

History of Introduction and Spread:

The term Argemone derives from the Greek words argemos, which mean "white patch," "cataract," and mexicana, which means "from Mexico" A. mexicana was mistakenly introduced as a contaminant in seed, as an ornamental plant, or for cultivation primarily for ethnobotanical research. The history of its inception and global dissemination is poorly understood. It was originally noted on Ascension in 1828 and had become the most widespread weed on St. Helena by 1814. It was unintentionally introduced to New Zealand in the 1890s together with imported wheat. The plant was originally noted in 1934 and was brought to Hawaii as an ornamental. They noted that the plant was still rather rare and speculated that it might pose an issue down the road. It was originally observed in the wild in the Czech Republic in 1965, but it now seems to be extinct.³

Habitat:

Argemone mexicana typically grows in floodplains, riverbanks, disturbed regions, fallow and cultivated soils, and roadside edges. It is a serious crop weed as well as a competitor and, in some situations, a replacement for natural plants.⁴

Plant Profile:

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Spermatophyta

Subphylum: Angiospermae

Class: Dicotyledonae

Order: Papaverales

Family: Papaveraceae

Genus: Argemone

Species: Argemone Mexicana⁴

Fig I: Argemone mexicana L., Papaveraceae⁵

Fig II: Argemone mexicana L., Papaveraceae⁶

Vernacular names:

Table 1: Vernacular names of Argemone maxicana linn.⁷

Sr. No.	Language	Vernacular names
1.	Marathi	Phirangi Dhotra
2.	Hindi	Satyanashi
3.	Bengali	Barashil-kantal
4.	Assamese	Kuhum-kata, Sial-kanta
5.	English	Mexican Poppy, Prickly poppy, Yellow mexican poppy
6.	Konkani	Phirangi Dhutro
7.	Malayalam	Ponnumattu
8.	Sanskrit	Kshirini, Swarnakshiri
9.	Tamil	Piramathanda
10.	Telugu	Brahmadandi
11.	Irula	Mulluumathai
12.	Kannada	Datturi Gidda
13.	Other	Bhramadanthi, Mullu Umathai, Pivla dhotra

Morphology:

It is a spiky, glabrous, branched herb with spectacular yellow flowers and yellow juice. This plant is between 0.3 and 0.12 meters tall, and its leaves have thistle-like dimensions. Oblong, sinuate pinnatifid, clasping, and spinous stem. White veins are seen. Yellow, terminal flowers range in diameter from 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Fruits are oblong, ovoid capsules that are thorny. There are many, globose, netted, brownish-black seeds. Tri-tetracolporate makes up pollen.⁸

Microscopy:

The following characteristics were seen under a microscope: the presence of sparse anomocytic stomata, starch grains, fibers, and various forms of xylem vessel thickening. These come in four shapes: scalariform, spiral, annular, and reticulate. Chemo microscopical examinations revealed the presence of cellulose, starch grains, lignin’s, tannins, and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. The stems' average moisture contents were 9.7% % w/w, ash value was 8.5 % w/w, acid-insoluble ash was 4.5 % w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive was 8.0 % w/w, and water-soluble extractive value was 15.0% w/w.⁹

Phytochemical Screening:

The flowers were pulverized after being dried. After that, it went through a 48-hour cold percolation procedure. In this procedure, pure water and methanol were used. The resulting extracts were then filtered and used for initial phytochemical screening of alkaloids (Iodine, Wagner, and Dragendroff's test), flavonoids (Pew's, Shinoda, and NaOH tests), glycosides (Keller-Killani test, Molisch test, and Conc. H2SO4,), lignin (Lignin tests), phenols (Phenol tests and Ellagic acid test), saponins (Haemolysis test and Foam test), sterols (Liebermann burchard test and Salkowski tests), and tannins (Gelatin test and Lead acetate tests) were all examined. Alkaloids have a variety of pharmacological effects, including those that are antibacterial, analgesic, muscle relaxants, stimulants, anesthetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-cancerous, etc. A Flavonoids have the innate capacity to alter how the body responds to allergens, viruses, and cancer-causing agents. They have antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-allergic properties that allow for the treatment of several ailments that are typically seen in bark. Tannins exhibit broad-spectrum antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-neoplastic properties. The antifungal properties of saponins. According to the medical community, they are employed in hypercholesterolemia, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and weight loss, among other conditions. It is a plant-based bioactive antibacterial agent. Plant steroid characteristics include cardiotonic, insecticidal, and antibacterial effects. Phenolic chemicals exhibit qualities that are anti-oxidative, diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory.¹⁰

Chemical Constituents:

Allocryptopine, coptisine, jatropine, columbamine, oxyberberine, and N-demethyloxysanguinarine are all present in the whole plant, along with (+)-argenaxine, angoline, aronttianamide, and sanguinarine. Myristic, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids in seed oil. Berberine is the yellow juice. Mexicanol and mexicanic acid from leaves. Dihydropalmitine Hydroxide, Berberine, Protopine, Ferulic, Tannic, Caffeic, Benzoic, and Cinnamic Acids are all found in seeds. Protomexicine, mexitin, 8-methoxysanguinarine, 13-oxoprotopine, rutin, quercitrin, and eriodictyol are all found in leaves.¹¹

Fig III: Phytochemical constituents of Argemone mexicana¹²

Traditional uses:

Argemone mexicana is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. The plant's various parts were widely used to make Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathic medicines.

In Ayurveda:

Purgative and diuretic properties of the entire A. mexicana plant make it beneficial against guinea-worm infestations. The plant's seeds are also used as an emetic, expectorant, demulcent, and laxative in addition to being utilised as an antidote for snake poisoning. Seed extract-containing products that dissolve proteins are used to treat warts, cold sores, cutaneous infections, itches, jaundice, and dropsy.¹³Against skin infections, sores, dropsy, and jaundice, seeds are beneficial.¹⁴ The plant's juice treats corneal opacity and ophthalmic conditions. Skin conditions are treated with the seed oil. Roots are antihelmentic and can be utilised for inflammations, leprosy, and skin conditions.¹⁵

In siddha medicine:

This herb is frequently used to treat leucorrhea, scorpion bites, photophobia, and venereal sores. To treat diabetes, leaves and black pepper are combined. Boils are treated using A. mexicana's latex by applying it topically to the boil's location. Dental problems are treated using the entire plant. Ulcers and malarial fever are treated with leaf decoction. The plant's juice is administered to a scorpion sting. To treat leprosy, jaundice, and dropsy, use seeds.¹⁶

In Unani medicine:

Blood is enriched by A. mexicana, which has expectorant and aphrodisiac properties. Additionally, leucoderma and skin conditions are treated with it.¹⁷

In Homeopathic medicine:

The medication made from this plant is quite effective in curing the tape worm issue. According to reports, the entire plant is used to cure bronchitis and whooping cough.¹⁸

Fever:

Using Piper nigrum, Argemone mexicana roots are ground. For five days, two spoonfuls of the obtained extract are administered.¹⁹

Malaria:

Mexican argemone roots, seeds, and leaves are powdered to treat malaria. For four days, two spoonfuls of the obtained extract are administered each day.²⁰

Spermatorrohea:

Argemone mexicana root bark extract is consumed combined with cow ghee in a 2:1 ratio; one tea spoon of the resulting extract is consumed once a day in the morning for two weeks.²¹

Jaundice:

Argemone mexicana plant juice is used orally. Jaundice is treated with 2-3 spoons each day for a week. Tea made from dried leaves is used to help people stop using drugs and smoking.²²

Scabies:

To obtain ash, seeds are roasted on a hot iron pan. To make a paste, this ash is combined with a generous amount of coconut oil. Every day until the condition is resolved, it is applied to the affected region.²³

Antidote:

Paste of 20 g root of Argemone Mexicana along with 20 g petiole of Maharukh (Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.) is applied on the snake bite area as an antidote.²⁴

Impotency:

To enhance sperm count, use 25 ml of buttermilk and half a cup of Argemone mexicana root extract first thing in the morning for three days.²⁵

Wounds:

Argemone Mexicana’s fresh stems are used to extract yellow latex that is used to treat wounds.²⁶

Ring worm infections:

To cure the ringworm infection, ten grammes of Argemone mexicana leaf paste are applied externally once per day.²⁷

For curing injuries and to kill worms

Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) Sathyanashi –

i. Argemone mexicana seeds are used to make oil. It is used on wounds.

ii. To kill worms, Argemone mexicana seeds are burned and the fumes are applied to gums.²⁸

Skin diseases:

Illnesses Rhizomes from Curcuma aromatic and Acorus calamus are formed into paste and administered to all forms of skin ailments alongside the pouded seeds of Argemone mexicana.²⁹

Pharmacological Actions:

Argemone mexicana has narcotic, anti-spasmodic, sedative, and analgesic effects. The fresh yellow milky seed extract has a protein-dissolving ingredient that can be used to treat jaundice as well as warts, skin conditions, cold sores, and dropsy. The numerous therapeutic applications in medicine are covered in the section that follows.

Medicinal Uses:

Anti-Malarial Activity:

The chloroquine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum was discovered to be resistant to an aqueous extract of the aerial portions of the Argemone mexicana plant, which has anti-parasite properties.³⁰

Cytotoxic Activity:

Six alkaloids were evaluated from the Argemone mexicana methanol extract. They are dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, protomexicine, 13-oxoprotopine, 8-methoxy dihydrosanguinarine, and 8-oxyberberine. These alkaloids' cytotoxicity was investigated using the human colon cancer cell line SW480. Protomexicine and 13-oxoprotopine demonstrated mild cytotoxicity at a dose of 200 g/mL (24–28%), whereas dehydrocorydalmine showed strong cytotoxicity (48%). At 24 hours, 8-oxyberberine was only slightly cytotoxic (about 27%), but at 48 hours, it was more potent (about 76%). The two compounds with the highest potency (95-100%) in preventing the proliferation of human colon cancer cells were jatrorhizine and 8-methoxydihydrosanguinarine, which resulted in a total loss of cell viability.³¹

Anti-Termitic Activity:

The Formosan subterranean termite pest, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, was significantly inhibited by the acetone leaf extract of the Argemone mexicana plant in a dose-dependent manner. The plant extract had LD50 and LD90 values of 253 and 1511 ppm, respectively, after 48 hours of exposure.³²

Prevention of Micronucleus Formation:

Argemone mexicana fruit extract was tested for effectiveness against cyclophosphamide-induced micronucleus production in mice bone marrow cells. Before 24 hours of administering cyclophosphamide (at the dose of 50 mg/kg), a single intravenous administration of Argemone mexicana fruits extract at the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight prevented the formation of micronuclei in the bone marrow cells of mice in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the cyclophosphamide group. As a result, Swiss mouse bone marrow cells exposed to Argemone mexicana fruit extract appear to be protected from CP-induced micronucleus production.³³

Neuropharmacological Activity:

Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of the entire plant of Argemone mexicana displayed analgesic, locomotor, and muscle relaxant effects in Wistar albino mice at oral dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w., according to a report on the neuropharmacological uses of this plant. Both extracts showed notable activities, although 200 mg/kg of body weight of methanol extract was determined to be more effective for central nervous system activities such analgesic, anxiolytic, and sedative effects.³⁴

Wound Healing Activity:

Argemone mexicana fresh leaves were collected and individually tested for their ability to speed up the healing of wounds in rats with excision, incision, and dead space wound models. Compared to the reference standard and control group of animals, wound-healing activity with the Argemone mexicana chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts was dramatically improved by excision and incision. The methanol extract shown a strong healing effect against Staphylococcus aureus in the infected wound model.³⁵

Anti-Diabetic Activity:

In rats with alloxan-induced diabetes, aqueous extract of Argemone mexicana aerial parts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was reported to exhibit hypoglycemic activity. In comparison to diabetic control rats, it is discovered that there is a considerable decrease in blood glucose levels, plasma urea, creatinine, triacylglyceride, cholesterol values, as well as a recovery in the animal's body weight. The rats that receive the aqueous extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight are the standard drug-treated animals.³⁶

Antimicrobial Activity:

Argemone mexicana aerial and root components were collected, cleaned with clean water, and dried by air. By using the agar well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of Argemone mexicana at various doses was assessed. Seven microorganisms in total, including four bacteria and three fungi, were examined. Ampicillin and ketoconazole, two common antibiotics, were employed as positive controls, and 75% methanol was utilised as a negative control. The agar well diffusion method results and the measurement of the MIC values showed that C. albicans was the most sensitive with the lowest MIC values of 2.0 mg/ml in the presence of essential oil while C. toruplosis was the least sensitive to A. mexicana essential oil.³⁷

Antibacterial Activity:

Fresh seeds were removed from the plants, rinsed three times with distilled water, and dried on blotting paper in a lab at 37 1°C for 24 hours. Using a grinder, dried seeds are ground into a powder before being extracted with methanol, ethanol, and water. According to tests on how sensitive different bacterial strains were to extracts, the seeds extract in the chloroform was inhibitory to the test organisms E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus, S. typhi, and S. aureus as well as to resistant strains of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and S. aureus were reported to be inhibited by methanol seed extracts. Compared to methanol extracts, the chloroform extract of seeds was shown to be more inhibitory (> 10.0 mm). However, the water and hexane extracts of did not show any inhibitory action.³⁸

Hepatoprotective Activity:

At a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt., the plant extracts of Argemone mexicana demonstrated extremely little alterations as opposed to creating toxicity when compared to the control group. For Argemone mexicana, the percentage increases for SGPT and SGOT were 79.77% and 4.4%, respectively.³⁹

Oral care activity:

In Tamil Nadu's districts between 2000 and 2004, an oral medicinal plants survey was carried out. 114 plant species in all, broken down into 97 genera. For example, the entire Argemone mexicana plant is utilised to treat common tooth conditions.⁴⁰

Adulteration:

Even short-term consumption of tainted mustard oil (Brassica nigra) combined with argemone oil (Argemone mexicana) causes epidemic dropsy. By changing the pyridine nucleotide(s) and glutathione redox potential, adulteration of mustard oil with argemone oil results in oxidative stress and the death of red blood cells via met-hemoglobin production in humans. The pollution of argemone oil poses a major risk to human health.⁴¹

Poisoning:

Dr. R.E. Meaker has looked into possible epidemic dropsy cases in the North-Western Cape areas. The illness was identical to Indian epidemic dropsy in every way. Similar symptoms and histological lesions to those seen in human epidemics were induced in trials on birds using seed from the Mexican poppy that was gathered from the fields where the wheat consumed by the victims was cultivated. With the material at our disposal, there is no other conclusion we can draw other than the fact that the aforementioned outbreak in the Carnarvon district was epidemic dropsy brought on by eating wheat tainted with Mexican poppy seed.⁴²

CONCLUSION:

An updated review of the chemistry and pharmacology of Argemone mexicana is covered in the current article. The plant species is a member of the Papaveraceae family. Around the world, Argemone mexicana L. is used to treat a variety of illnesses, including tumours, warts, skin conditions, inflammations, rheumatism, jaundice, leprosy, microbiological infections, and malaria. Beyond alkaloids, the plant species are the source of a variety of other chemical components, such as terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids, amino acids, flavonoids and other phenolics, as well as terpenoids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids. The toxicity and safety assessment of using this plant and its chemical constituents is also covered in this review. In addition to pharmacological efficacies, some plant parts also exhibit harmful consequences. A. mexicana are discovered to be quite promising, which calls for additional systematic research of this medicinal plant and its active ingredients. Further, substantial and in-depth studies in all pertinent areas are still necessary.

REFERENCE:

1. Alam A, Khan AA. Argemone mexicana L.: A weed with versatile medicinal and pharmacological applications. Ann. Phytomed. Int. J. 2020; 9: 218-23.

2. Priya CL, Rao KV. Ethanobotanical and current ethanopharmacological aspects of Argemone mexicana Linn: an overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2012; 3(7): 2143.

3. Healy AJ. The interaction of native and adventive plant species in New Zealand. InProceedings (New Zealand Ecological Society) 1961 Aug 1 (No. 8, pp. 39-43). New Zealand Ecological Society.

4. Clayton WD. Flora of tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 1). Flora of tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 1). 1970.

5. Gobato R, Fedrigo DF, Gobato A. Molecular geometry of alkaloids present in seeds of mexican prickly poppy. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.05042. 2015 Jul 15.

6. Brahmachari G, Gorai D, Roy R. Argemone mexicana: chemical and pharmacological aspects. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2013; 23: 559-67.

7. Ansari KM, Dhawan A, Khanna SK, Das M. In vivo DNA damaging potential of sanguinarine alkaloid, isolated from argemone oil, using alkaline Comet assay in mice. Food and chemical toxicology. 2005; 43(1): 147-53.

8. Muhammad Zafar, Mir Ajab Khan, Mushtaq Ahmad, Shazia Sultana, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Rasool Bakhsh Tareen. Authentication of misidentified crude herbal drugs marketed in Pakistan.Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2010; 4(15): 1584-1593.

9. Ibrahim HA and Ibrahim H. Pharmacognostic Studies on the Stems of Argemone mexicanaLinn. (Family: Papaveraceae) Journal of Pharmacy and Bioresources, 2007; 4(2): 59-63

10. Nupur Joshi, Shashank Bhatt, DR. Suresh Dhyani, Jyoti Nain. PhytochemicalScreening of secondary Metabolites of ArgemoneMexicana.International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research.2013; 5(2): 144-147.

11. Bhardwaj DK, Bisht MS, Jain RK, Munjal A. Phenolics from the seeds of Argemone mexicana. Phytochemistry. 1982;21(8):2154-6.

12. Cyprian OO, Sharon II, Gbola O, Ayorinde A. Insight into clinically effective herbal antimalarial products: Effects on drug metabolizing enzymes and p-glycoprotein. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017; 11(48): 591-613.

13. Ambasta SS, editor. The useful plants of India. Publications and Information Directorate; 1986.

14. Duhan JS, Bhardwaj M, Surekha S. Free radical-scavenging and antimutagenic potential of acetone, chloroform and methanol extracts of fruits of Argemone mexicana. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011; 10(43): 8654-61.

15. Chang YC, Hsieh PW, Chang FR, Wu RR, Liaw CC, Lee KH, Wu YC. Two new protopines argemexicaines A and B and the anti-HIV alkaloid 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine from formosan Argemone mexicana. Planta medica. 2003; 69(02): 148-52.

16. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Second Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles: New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1992.

17. Jyoti AC, Santosh JP, Ganesh PB. Screening of aqueous plant extracts against Beauveria Bassiana infection to 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011; 5(16): 3936-9.

18. Osho A, Adetunji T. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Argemone mexicana Linn. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010; 4(1): 19-22.

19. Ganesan G: Traditional oral care medicinal plants survey of Tamil Nadu. Natural product Radiance 2008; 7: 166-172.

20. Alagesaboopathi C. Ethnomedicinal plants and their utilization by villagers in Kumaragiri hills of Salem district of Tamilnadu, India. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2009; 6(3).

21. Chaudhuri RH, Pal DC, Tarafder CR. Less known uses of some plants from the tribal areas of Orissa. Nelumbo. 1975; 17(1-4): 132-6.

22. Kala CP. Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India. Journal of ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2005; 1(1): 1-8.

23. Prayaga Murty PragadaAgricultural weeds as medicinal plants of Kadapa district, A.P., India.Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2015; 5(3): 202-209.

24. Vashistha BD, Kaur M. Floristic and ethno botanical survey of Ambala District, Haryana. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2013; 4(2): P353-60.

25. Patil PS, Dushing YA, Patil DA. Observations on plantlore in Buldhana District of Maharashtra. Ancient Science of Life. 2007 Jul; 27(1): 43.

26. Dnyaneshwar P Ghorband and Sharad D Biradar.Traditional medicines knowledge in Dharmabad taluka of Nanded district Maharashtra, India. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2011; 2(4): 498-503.

27. Dahare DK, Jain A. Ethnobotanical Studies on Plant Resources of Tahsil Multai, District Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2010; 2010(6): 7.

28. Anitha B. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the Kanikkars of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India to treat skin diseases. Ethnobotanical leaflets. 2008; 2008(1): 21.

29. Jeeva GM, Jeeva S and kingstone.C. Traditional treatment of skin diseases in south Travancore, southern peninsular India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2007; 6(3): 498-501.

30. Willcox M. Improved traditional phytomedicines in current use for the clinical treatment of malaria. Planta medica. 2011; 77(06): 662-71.

31. Singh S, Verma M, Malhotra M, Prakash S, Singh TD. Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Argemone mexicana on SW480 human colon cancer cell line. Pharmaceutical biology. 2016; 54(4): 740-5.

32. Singh S, Verma M, Malhotra M, Prakash S, Singh TD. Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Argemone mexicana on SW480 human colon cancer cell line. Pharmaceutical biology. 2016; 54(4): 740-5.

33. Jain RA, Agarwal RC, Pandey A, Jain R. Evaluation of Argemone mexicana fruits extract using micronucleus assay in mouse bone marrow cells. Bull. Pharm. Res. 2011; 1(2): 22-4.

34. Anarthe S, Chaudhari S. Neuropharmacological study of Argemone mexicana Linn. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011 Jun 30(Issue): 121-6.

35. Dash GK, Murthy PN. Evaluation of Argemone mexicana Linn. Leaves for wound healing activity. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2011; 1(1): 46-56.

36. Nayak P, Kar DM, Maharana L. Antidiabetic activity of aerial parts of Argemone mexicana Linn. in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats. Pharmacologyonline1. 2011; 1:889-903.

37. Osho A, Adetunji T. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Argemone mexicana Linn. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010; 4(1): 19-22.

38. Santosh Kumar Singh, Vidya Dhar Pandey, Aradhana Singh and Chandan Singh.Antibacterial activity of seed extracts of Argemone mexicana L. on some pathogenic bacterial strains. African Journal of Biotechnology15 December, 2009; 8 (24): 7077-7081.

39. Ahsan R, Islam KM, Musaddik A, Haque E. Hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of some medicinal plants against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2009; 3(3): 116-22.

40. GanesanS. Traditional oral care medicinal plants survey of Tamil Nadu. Natural product Radiance. 2008; 7(2): 166-172.

41. Babu CK, Khanna SK, Das M. Adulteration of mustard cooking oil with argemone oil: do Indian food regulatory policies and antioxidant therapy both need revisitation?. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 2007; 9(4): 515-25.

42. Steyn DG. Poisoning with the seeds of Argemone Mexicana (Mexican poppy) in human beings: Indian epidemic dropsy in South Africa. South African Medical Journal. 1950; 24(18): 333-9.

Received on 20.01.2023 Modified on 04.02.2023

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(2):149-154.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00023