A Review on Pharmacological activities of Colocasia esculenta

 

Khush Jain*, Fariah Rizwani, Shefali Thakkar

D.Y. Patil Deemed to be University, School of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Mother Nature has always given us essential medicinal plants for long decades. Today modern world has started its dependability on medicinal agents obtained from traditionally used plants. Colocasia esculenta is a magnificent source of fiber and starch, which is responsible for number of health benefits, such as for improved blood sugar levels, for better skin care, helps to reduce obesity. Colocasia esculenta also contains a variety of antioxidants and polyphenols. Leaves are caloriedeficient, rich in proteins, micronutrients, dietary fiber and good carbohydrates which enhance the metabolism of our digestive system and it helps to provide healthy weight loss, even they have abundant presence of anti-nutrients such as tannins, oxalates. It consists of high levels of Vit.E, Vit.C, and Vit. B6 also contributes to maintain a better immune system and may eradicate free radicals. All parts of Colocasia esculenta have essential properties including some levels of toxicity which are overcome by cooking and steamed boiling. It has several health benefits like anti-hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity, neuropharmacological activity, anti-fungal activity and anti-metastatic activity. In India major Colocasia esculenta production occurs in states like Uttar-Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Himachal-Pradesh, Gujarat, etc. The present review includes detail study of pharmacological activity of plant- Colocasia esculenta [Taro].

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Colocasia esculenta is commonly called as taro, belongs to the family Araceae¹. It is a tropical plant and was first discovered in the Bay of Bengal area of South-east Asia². It is a perennial herb having tuberous stem which are underground and thick in nature as shown in Fig 3³. Its leaves are heart shaped, simple, long stalked and broad in appearance as shown in Fig 1 and 2⁴. These leaves are rich in protein content and are even good sources of Vitamin A, adequate quantities of Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Manganese, Copper, Calcium, Iron and Potassium¹. Tubers as shown in Fig 4 and 5 are spherical in shape covered with brown skin and hairs^5-6.

 

Taro is also called as a starchy vegetable due to presence of carbohydrate content in its root called as resistant starch. Taro roots are white, pinkish in color covered under brown skin². Its fragrance is very delightful due to presence of oxalates. Flavor is often mentioned very mild with slight nutty flavor, can be used alternative sweetener to potatoes⁷. Taro grows up to 1.5 m in height and is suitable for both dryland and wetland culture. Leaves are up to 40cm×24.8cm. The petiole is 1.0 to 1.2 m in height. The spadix is almost three fifths as long as plants having large sheathing bract enclosing flower clusters till 8mm. Colocasia esculenta is one of the ancient food crops, firstly cultivated in Southeast Asia and later excelled its growth in entire world and currently it’s major crop cultivated in Pacific, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean⁸. Table No. 1 gives the information of all the vernacular names of Taro plant as being used in various parts of India.

 

2

Fig. 1and 2: Colocasia esculenta Leaves

 

Fig. 3: Colocasia esculenta Root tuber

 

 

Fig. 4 and 5: Colocasia esculenta Root

 

Table No 1: Common Names of Colocasia esculenta⁹:

 

Table No 2: Chemical composition of Colocasia esculenta [Taro]:

According to the scientific statements, the plants and their phytoconstituents helps in prevention of various diseases which is continuously advancing¹⁰. Since ancient times, people were completely dependent on plants as the primary source of medication, as in those times allopathic system of medicine was not developed^11-15. Herbal drugs can be obtained from different parts of plants such as root, stem, bark, leaves and fruits¹⁶. Chemical constituents obtained from these herbal plants are as follows, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and resins¹⁷.

 

Pharmacological activity of Colocasia esculenta:

Colocasiaesculenta possess many pharmacological activities as follows:

 

Anti-Diabetic activity¹⁸:

It was reported that the ethanolic extract of Colocasia esculenta (EECE) leaves were exposed to phytochemical screening and were assessed to check for anti-diabetic activity on blood glucose level as per weight of alloxan induced diabetic rats. [EECE (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) and metformin (450mg/kg)] were given orally to[alloxan (120mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats]. During this study of (Acute oral toxicity -AOT 425) [Table No. 3] injecting EECE resulted no deathsup to (5000mg/kg) and the start of decrease in blood glucose level was seen at [4 h (96mg/dl)], and its peak at [6 h (120mg/dl)]. In study of subacute toxicity [Table 4], maximum decrease in blood glucose was observed (174.34mg/dl) at the dose of (400mg/kg) on 14^th day of experimentation. EECE then showed lowering of blood glucose levels (p<0.001).

Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the existence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids as mentioned in (Table No. 2) as part of major constituent in the ethanol extract which are responsible for this activity. This shows that they have anti-hypoglycemiceffect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Taro is the food crop used in Caribbean and also used as an ancient medicinal food for the therapeutics of Diabetes Mellitus. It’s concluded that EECE shows safe and strong anti-diabetic activity.

 

Anti-Microbial activity¹⁹:

It was evaluated that Colocasia esculenta [Taro] leaf extract showed the existence of phytochemical compounds benefitting for their antimicrobial activity. Constituents like glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, resins, flavonoids and saponins as mentioned in Table No. 2 and the amino group were found in their study. The antimicrobial activity was done against 4 bacterial strains –Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp., and Candida albicans. The antioxidant activity of leaf was evaluated by using “1, 1- diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)”- the results showed are 86.5%, lowest when compared with standard - ascorbic acid 87.5% (Figure  No. 6). Even Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) tests were conducted which revealed their Retention-factor (Rf) values of constituents present in the leaves of Colocasia esculenta such as alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid, saponin and phenolare [0.95-0.97-0.96-0.97-0.96] (Table No. 5).

 

Table 3:Result of EECE on glucose level in body (mg/dl) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (acute study)

 

 

Table 4: Result of EECE on glucose level in body (mg/ dl) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Sub-acute study)

 

 

 

 

 

Figure No. 6: Graph of concentration (%) v/s DPPH (g/ml) for Antioxidant activity

 

Table No. 5: Phytochemical Screening of Colocasia esculenta extracts

 

Table No. 6: Inhibition zone (mm) showed against given foodborne pathogenic agents by leaf extract of Colocasia esculenta

 

Table No. 7: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) evaluated against given foodborne pathogenic agents by leaf extract ofColocasia esculenta

 

Hence, it was concluded that Taro leaves possess antimicrobial activity against given strains and due to present of its rich phytochemical constituents which are to be used as antimicrobialagents in treatingburns and wounds.

 

Anti-Bacterial activity²⁰:

It was studied that chicken meat is said to be the most consumed animal product throughout the world. It’s the most convenient growth medium for bacteria. The bacterial growth causes food poisoning and foodborne illness. We cannot use chemical preservatives because it affects chicken spoilage, therefore as a natural preservative Colocasia esculenta can be used. It aims to assess the antibacterial activity of taro leaves extract against bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus by “Disc diffusion test (DDA)” [Table No. 6] and “Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)” and “Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)” [Table No. 7].

 

Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal concentration tests were done to evaluate the MIC and MBC of taro leaves extract. The resulted values of MIC and MBC for tested pathogens were observed to be 2.50mg/mL and 5.0mg/mL respectively.

 

Leaf extract of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) observed antibacterial activity when carried against L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus and S. enterica ser. Typhimurium. Colocasia esculenta leaf extract could be used to decrease the bacterial population when used for raw chicken meat in concentration, temperatures and exposure times in a subsequent way. The result found that the extract could be used as natural preservatives.

 

Anti-Obesity and Hypolipidemic activity²¹:

It was investigated that the results of Colocasia esculenta powder of lipid metabolism and body weight in presence of cholesterol and high fat in “mice”. Experiment was performed by dividing mice in 4 different groups:

1)   Group containing – “Normal diet group animals”

2)   Group containing – “High fat and cholesterol diet group”

3)   Group containing – “High fat and cholesterol group with 20% of taro powder”

4)   Group containing – “high fat and cholesterol group with 30% of taro powder”

 

Groups were observed for 8 weeks, Normal group animals had body weight in the “high fat group increased to 175%”, while high fat group containing 20% taro and high fat group containing 30% taro “decreased by 12% and 14% compared to high fat group”. The both high fat 20% taro and high fat 30% taro groups were observed to be reduced epididymal adipose tissue weight. Total cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol were higher in the high fat group compared normal group while, it further reduced in high fat group containing 20% taro and high fat group containing 30% taro. Deposition of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver was inhibited in the high fat group containing 20% taro and high fat group containing 30% taro. This result claimed that Colocasia esculenta powder possibly has an effective ingredient for obesity by decreasing plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels.

 

NeuropharmacologicalActivity²²:

Neuropharmacological activity of Colocasia esculenta leaf extracts were tested in Adult Wistar albino rats. The effects of “Hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Colocasia esculenta” (HECE) on depression, anxiety, rotarod performance and thiopental-induced sleeping time were studied. “The anxiolytic activity of HECE (100, 200, and 400mg/kg) per os (p.o)”given orally to rats were indicated by their increase in time spent and number of entries shown open arms in the “Elevated plus maize” (EPM) as compared with control group (p < 0.001). “The HECE (100, 200, and 400mg/kg, p.o.) showed dose-dependent significant decrease in time of immobility (p < 0.01) in their Porsolt forced swimming test”. The HECE at the doses 50 and 100mg/kg, i.p. was observed to bring about a remarkable decrease in motor coordination (p<0.001) and extention of “thiopental-induced sleeping time (p < 0.001)”. This study shows the possession of plant having neuropharmacological activity.

 

Antioxidant Activity^23-24:

It was investigated that Colocasia esculenta leaf extracts contains abundant phytochemical constituents such as phenols, flavonoids²⁵, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and oxalates were found to be present in its extract. These constituents were identified using UV spectrophotometer instrument. To observe antioxidant property, present in the extract, “DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)” method was carried out referring ascorbic acid as standard. Table No. 9 explains the study of three different solvents forthis activity- Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform. “DPPH scavenging activity” of ascorbic acid was observed to be 84%, whereas when checked for ethanol it was found to be 78.92%, for methanol: 76.46% and for chloroform: 72.46%. After studying these results, Colocasia esculenta showed high antioxidant activity and can be opted for medicinal applications. The identification of certain functional groups present in phytochemical constituents were inspected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

 

Table No. 8: Identified Phytochemicals with respective solvents

 

The results showed the existence of many phytochemical constituents in Colocasia esculenta leaf extracts, which were quantitatively regulated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FTIR spectroscopy. Ethanolic extract showed better results compared to methanol and chloroform extracts in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The observed outcome indicated that taro can be used as a nutritional food and a medicinal product due to presence of Antioxidant properties.

 

Antihepatotoxic and Hepatoprotective activity²⁶:

It was observed that the presence of antihepatotoxic activity is found in leaves of Colocasia esculenta using in vitro liver slice of rat. It is studied against two most common hepatotoxins – Paracetamol and CCl₄as mentioned in Table No. 9. The free radicals which are produced by these hepatotoxins cause damage to major cell organelles and oxidative stress which leads to serious injury to hepatocytes. The range of damage and its evolution produced by free radicals was considered using leakage of marker enzymes present in liver function which are ALP, AST, and ALT are explained in Fig 7, 8 and 9.

 

Table No. 9: Signifying testing of antihepatotoxic results of Colocasia esculenta leaf juice against Paracetamol and CCl₄

 

 

Fig 7: Colocasia esculentaeffected in vitromutation in AST, ALT and ALP activities in existence of CCl₄ and Paracetamol at the finish of one hour incubation

 

 

Fig 8: Colocasia esculentaeffectedin vitromutation in AST, ALT and ALP activities in existence of CCl₄ and Paracetamol at the finish of two hours incubation

 

 

Fig 9: Colocasia esculentaeffectedin vitromutation in AST, ALT and ALP activities in existence of CCl₄ and Paracetamol at the finish of four hours incubation

 

The investigation showed significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing elevated levels. The duration dependent raised enzyme activity present in the medium of control LS indicated hepatocytic activity at the finish of two and four hours. Several phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and terpenoids have the existence of hepatoprotective activity. Furtherly it showed the presence of anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glycoside and cyanosis-3-rhamnoside which have antioxidant properties too. These anthocyanins are also accountable for hepatoprotective activity, which are perceive in association with Colocasia esculenta leaf extract.

Antifungal activity²⁷:

The aqueous and alcoholic extracts were used for determination of Antifungal activity of Taro leaves by the technique of food poisoning which is opposed to “Alternaria blight of Chili caused by Alternaria solani and Alternaria blight of Castor caused by Alternaria ricini”. This food poisoning technique was carried at 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% concentration of extract. In antifungal study of alcoholic extract, four different petri-plates (80 mm diameter) which contained “Czapek Dox agar” as a medium were inoculated with an (8 mm) culture disc of Alternaria solani and Alternaria ricini and These plates were incubated at room temperature (26± 3°C.) This procedure was repeated for aqueous extracts and alcoholic extracts of taro plants.

 

Table No. 10: Determination of linear growth (millimeter) on “Alternaria solani causing Alternaria blight of Chili” using Taro leaf extracts

 

Table No. 11: Determination of linear growth (millimeter) on “Alternaria ricini causing Alternaria blight of Castor”using Taro leaf extracts

 

Hence, effect of plant extract carried on Alternaria solani and Alternaria riciniconveyed great result to treat blight disease in the ecofriendly control method opposed to the blight disease produced by Chili and Castor. Alcoholic leaf extract indicated good antifungal activity compared with aqueous leaf extract of Colocasia esculenta against Alternaria solani (Table No. 10) and Alternaria ricini (Table No. 11) which revealed 100% “percentage control efficacy (PCE)” at 25% concentration. Aqueous leaf extract decreased the pathogenic maturation as concentration of extract is increased. Results revealed the true efficacy of Colocasia esculenta leaf extract against fungal growth.

 

Anti-Inflammatory activity²⁸:

The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Colocasia esculenta Linn (EECE) was evaluated in wistar rats using carrageenan - induced left hind paw edema, cotton pellet induced granuloma model and carrageenan - induced pleurisy. The EECE (100 mg/kg) when administered prohibited carrageenan - induced paw edema. They showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and even reduction on their pleural exudates along with reduction on the granuloma weight carried out by the cotton pellet granuloma method. The study showed the presence of anti-inflammatory effect.

 

Anti-Metastatic Activity/Anti-Cancer activity^29-30:

It was evaluated that the antimetastatic activity is showed inColocasia esculenta taro corms because they contain extremely useful bioactive molecules which showed effective results against cancer and cancerous threat factors such as carcinogen and even biological conditions like oxidative stress and inflammation, even controls metabolism. These effects are attained by taro’s wholesome constituents like anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumoral, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic, and antioxidant activities which has various health benefits. Taro contains bio actives like taro polysaccharides 1 and 2, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs), digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs), (A-1/B-2) alpha-amylase inhibitors, nonphenolic antioxidants and polyphenols etc. Therefore, taro intake in our daily diet can be very beneficial therapy for tumorigenesis.

 

Also, an antiproliferative activity was carried opposed the rat YYT colon cancer cell line. Soluble form of taro at (100mg/ml) were incubated within these rat cells to check its antiproliferative activity, after observing for two days these cells had apoptotic changes under evidence by positive terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl-transferase--mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stain. This study shows that taro also bears positive immunostimulatory activity. With the assistance of flow cytometry technique, T cells such as CD₄+ and CD₈+ got initiated by taro extract. Based on the results, there were many factors that reduced risk of colon cancer activity. These results suggested that taro have novel tumor specific anti-cancer activity.

 

Other uses of Colocasia esculenta:

Colocasia esculenta leaf extract is used as a good expectorant, stimulant, appetizer, astringent and juice of taro corm is used to treat alopecia patients³¹. Its leaf juice when applied over scorpion sting poisoning, it shows promising results even used to treat food poisoning³². Leaf extract also helps in maintaining one’s sugar levels¹⁰. Taro corms provide many nutritious amounts of minerals such as copper, iron, zinc and many more¹. Taro leaves when cooked have great effect on digestive system³⁵. It is used as a sorbent material in treatment of swelled glands and organs²⁸.Chemical constituents present in Colocasia esculenta like flavonoids helps in protection from lung and oral cavity cancers⁵. It has good healing properties and can be applied on skin to treat skin disorders⁷. Decoction of Colocasia esculenta peel happened to be used as a tribal medicine to cure diarrhea⁶.

 

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, Colocasia esculenta [taro] plant has many pharmacological activities and provides great health benefits when used as a part of our daily life diet. All parts of taro have been found to be of utmost importance and have their special essential needs. Chemically, thus plant contains many phytoconstituents which are biologically active such as anthraquinones, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids and other. This review of C. esculenta compiles of present studies which were done by researchers towards this plant and their investigation helped to know about its true essence. Thus, C. esculenta extract has been manifested to be a medicinally operative in the therapeutics of numerous health disorders. Therefore, it has to be utilized to their extreme potential in the medicinal and pharmaceutical field.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

I would like to appreciate and thank all above authors for their support and valuable advice.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The above authors mention no conflict of interest to this review.

 

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Received on 07.09.2022         Modified on 13.12.2022

Accepted on 20.02.2023     ©AandV Publications All right reserved