A Systemic Review of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum or Ocimum sanctum): Phytoconstituents, Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Profile

 

Pooja*, Anil Kumar

Dept. of Biotechnology, GOVT. V.Y.T. PG. Auto. College, Durg (C.G.)

 

ABSTRACT:

Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. is an Ayurvedic herb commonly regarded as Tusli or Holy Basil. The plant has a long traditional medicinal history. In India Tulsi is worshipped by Hindus and is abundantly found in all regions. Each part of a plant like stems, roots, seeds, leaves, flowers, and fruits have their own curative properties and functions reported by many researchers. The varieties of active chemical constituents; terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, fatty acid derivatives, essential oil, fixed oil, and steroids are extracted from the Ocimum tenuiflorum plant and are determined of great therapeutic activities. The therapeutic actions of Tulsi compounds recreate their remedial attention and in the standardization of their medicinal results. Eugenol, Oleanolic Acid, Linalool, Ursolic Acid, Beta-Caryophyllene, Rosemarinic Acid, Estragole, Carvacrol, Methyl Cinnamate are the major compounds which are leads to various actions against diseases. This review article summarizes researchers validated various pharmacological actions of these active chemical constituents that have great potential against, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral (especially against Covid-19/Coronavirus, helpful in the current scenario of “pandemic”), cardioprotective, antihypertensive, and other activities as well. This will be useful for developing new active principles and therapeutics or new life-saving drugs by researchers, practitioners, and students who were implicated in the field of ethnopharmacology.

 

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

Globally various plants have been used for the treatment of several diseases or their healing goals. In the Indian system of medicine various kinds of Ocimum tenuiflorum were preferred and apt as pharmaceutical constructions ¹. According to Ayurveda Ocimum tenuiflorum is known as: "Mother medicine of nature”, "The incomparable one", "Queen of Herbs", "Elixir of Life", etc. ². O. tenuiflorum is commonly called “Tulsi” in Hindi and “Holy Basil” in English ³. Tulsi is an important sign of Hindu intellectual traditions.

 

Among all of the other herbs, Tulsi is highly used in Ayurveda ⁴. To cure various modern-day illnesses Tulsi is the best Ayurvedic wisdom tonic for the mind and body. It plays a major role in the traditional “Ayurveda” and “Unani” systems ⁵.

 

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. is a species or variety of the plant family Lamiaceae. Due to the high number of remedial potential, it has contributed in the area of science from ancient till now in modern practices ³.Tulsi mainly grows in the tropics and warm regions throughout the world. In India, Tulsi originated from North Central India and distributed and cultivated all over the country ⁶. Rama Tulsi (most common one, broad bright leaves and slightly sweet), Shyama Tulsi (least common one and have purplish leave), and Vana Tulsi (wild Tulsi and grows in the forests) are the 3 morphotypes, cultivated in India ^{1, 7}. Various active constituents are present in Tulsi, some of them show a high rate of affectivity and fast relief, while others take a certain time for recovery and healing from diseases ⁸. It belongs to the genus Ocimum, the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family consisting more than 150 species ^{9, 10}. It act as an adaptogen, maintains the different body processes, and is helpful for stress adaptation and detoxification ^{11, 12}. The varieties of species of Ocimum genus were cultivated in different areas throughout the globe for their known remedial and medicinal properties ¹³. Various important species of Ocimum are cultivated globally for their beneficial uses and phytochemical constituents (Table.1).

 

Tulsi is a straight, highly branched, erected, and fragrant shrub. An aromatic plant, height 30 to 60cm. Leaves are oval, colour- simple green or purple, margin- slightly dented or toothed, and blade length is 5cm ¹⁴. The flowers are purplish and small and hairy stem. Plant have small fruit and reddish-yellow seeds. The taste is acrid and bitter ^{15, 16}.

 

Binomial Name:

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or Ocimum sanctum L.

 

Taxonomy

 

Kingdom - Plantae Subkingdom - Tracheobionta Superdivision - Spermatophyta Division - Magnoliophyta Class - Magnoliopsida Subclass - Asteridae

Order – Lamiales Family – Lamiaceae Genus – Ocimum Linn

Species – Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. or Ocimum sanctum Linn.

 

Table.1: The Description about Important Species of Ocimum.

S. No.	Species	Geographical Distribution	Biochemical Constituents	General, Traditional, and Modern Uses	Ref.
1.	Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or Ocimum sanctum L.	India, Andaman And Nicobar Islands, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, USA, Kenya, Nigeria,	Eugenol, Methyl Eugenol, apigenin-7-O- glucuronide, carvacrol, circimaritin, caryophyllen, cirsilineol, isothymusin, pinene, molludistin, rosameric acid, orientin, vicenin, Ursolic acid, luteolin, sesquiterpine hydrocarbon, luteolin-7- Oglucuronide, apigenin, camphor	Antistress, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilarval, antiviral and antifungal. Antiasthmatic, anti- inflammatory, analgesic, hypotensive and hypoglycemic activity. Treatment for snakebite and scorpion-stings. Radiation protection. To treat cough, cold, sore throat, fever, headache, dysentery, ulcer and skin diseases. Treatment against HIV. Anti-dibetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective and  hypolipidimic activity.	[1] [2] [11] [14] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [62] [37] [40] [63]
2.	Ocimum americanum	Tropical Africa, South East Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Sri Lanka, China, Madagascar, Burma, Thailand,	α-pinene, Isoborneol, Linalool, Limonene, linalool oxide, Humulene, α bisabolene, Camphor, Anethole, Eugenol, Z-β-ocimene,	To treat conjunctivitis, Fever, Malaria, headache, Indigestion, dysentery, toothache, and migraine. Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. Antifungal and antibacterial. Insect and pest control.	[17] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [38]
		Malesia and  Indonesia	t-hydrate-sabinene, Bicyclogermacrene, β-caryophyllene, Carvacrol, p-menthadiene, 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, Vitexin	Preservative for corpses. Flavoring and fragrance to foods. To treat hypothermia, skin allergy, cancer, and ulcer.
3.	Ocimum basilicum	Bangladesh, Colombia, Bulgaria, Mali, Guinea, Nigeria, Eastern Morocco.	Eugenol, Methyl Chavicol, Methyl eugenol, Geraniol, Linalool, Geranial, Cadinene, methyl cinnamate	Food and oral care products. Antilarval, Antiviral, Antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti- inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti- osteoporotic activities. Decrease plasma lipid content. For treating nausea, flatulence, and dysentery. First aid treatment for wasp stings and snakebites. Inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	[10] [17] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
4.	Ocimum kilimandscharicum	Kenya. Rwanda, Athens, Nigeria, Sudan, Ghana, and India.	d-camphor, Camphene, Myrcene, d-α- pinene, ß-pinene, Epi-α-cadinol, d-limonene, Linalool, terpinolene, Bornyl acetate, Eugenol Germacerene B, ß-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene and unidentified sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenes of alcohols	Antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiseptic, allergenic, pesticidal, antitumor, spasmogenic and antiviral activity. Useful in cold and cough, abdominal pains, measles, diarrhea, bronchitis, foul ulcers and wounds, opthalmopathy and vitiated conditions of ‘vata’. CNS activities like: neurotoxic, antineuralgic, CNS stimulant, tranquilizer, Anti-alzhemerian, sedative.	[39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]
5.	Ocimum gratissimum	India, Nigeria, New Zealand, Autralia, South Amaerica, The Caribbean, South East Asia, and Africa.	Eugenol, thymol, citral, geraniol and linalool, eugenol	Antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant. Antinociceptive activity. For treatment of rheumatism, paralysis, epilepsy, sunstroke, influenza, Gonorrhea, highfever, diarrhea, and mental illness	[39] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [67]
6.	Ocimum micranthum	Central and South America, West Indies.	1,8-cineol, eugenol elemene isomers, linalool, ß-caryophyllen	Treatment of colds, fever, stomach disturbances, and dysentery. Antimicrobial. To treat epilepsy, nervous trouble, influenza, earaches.	[56] [57] [58] [59] [60]
7.	Ocimum canum	India, Rwanda, Israel, Zimbabwe, Somali, Nigeria, USA, Central Africa,	Eugenol,linalool, Terpineol, Linalyl acetate, camphor, methyl chavicol, Geraniol, Nerol, Geranial, Terpinen-4-ol, Methyl cinnamate, 1.8- cineole.	Treat conjunctivitis, malaria and headache Insecticidal and antibacterial and antifungal activity.	[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69]

 

2. Traditional Uses:

Traditionally, Tulsi was consumed as an herbal tea or in the form of dried powder or direct fresh leaves or with Honey/Ghee ¹⁷. The dried leaves of Tulsi are used as an insect repellent for stored grains²¹. From ancient times in “Ayurveda” and tribal medicine, Tulsi is being used as a remedy for the treatment of common cold, cough, wound, fatigue, headache, flu, fever, sore throat, and skin diseases or allergies⁶². Leaves crushed in goat’s urine and mixed with coconut oil is used against skin allergies. According to “Charaka Samhita” it is used for treatment against snake bites (whole plant used) and scorpion sting (leaf paste) ¹⁷. Leaves pounded with onion bulbs are used for cold, cough, and headache⁷⁰. It helps in the maintenance of body glucose level (powdered leave with honey), reduces breathing problems, and increases digestion of foods. Dried leaves with ghee are useful in dysentery, colic, and piles treatment. Leaves paste with black pepper is used to treat diarrhea, and fever. Flower’s juice in combination with honey, ginger and onion leaves juice is used for the treatment of bronchitis ⁷¹. In Thailand to treat vomiting, the leaf or entire plant is used ⁵⁹. The plant leaves are also used for the purification of drinking water, for memory sharpening, good for nerves, to treat ulcers and mouth infections^{60, 61}.

 

3. Chemical Constituents

The plant shows various therapeutic and medicinal properties, due to the presence of chemical constituents or phyto components. In species, O. tenuiflorum various kinds of phytoconstituents and their activities were reported ¹⁸ (Table.2). The essential oil extracted from O. tenuiflorum

 

L. consists high amount of Eugenol (near about 70 %), other constituents are 11% of Beta- Elemene, 8% of Beta-Caryophyllene, and 2% Germacrene ¹. The leaves of the plant consist of volatile oil (0.7%) made up of eugenol and methyl eugenol in 71% and 20% respectively. It consist carvacrol, sesquiterpene and caryophyllene hydrocarbon also⁶². Phenolic compounds isolated

 

from the concentrate of fresh leaves and stem of Ocimum sanctum show antioxidants properties ⁶⁴. The isolated phenolic compounds are isothymusin, circimaritin, cirsilineol, apigenin, and rosameric acid, and Eugenol (in high quantity) ¹⁶. Orientin and Vicenin are the 2 types of flavonoids extracted from aqueous leaf extract. Others like; Ursolic acid, orientin, luteolin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, molludistin and luteolin-7-Oglucuronide, are also extracted from the extract of Tulsi leaveas ²¹. This species of Ocimum also contains a variety of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes; bornyl acetate, β elemene, neral, and pinenes (both α and β), camphene, sitosterol, cholesterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol ²². Five types of fatty acids – stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid are present in O. sanctum ²³. Tulsi is a excellent source of vitamin C, beta carotene, and Ca²⁺ions. Tannins, camphor, other flavonoids like; luteolin, orientin, vicenin, and triterpene; urolic acid, with Zn, Mn, and Na ions found in plant extract ^21,23.

 

The major chemical constituents of O. tenuiflorum Linn which are possessed in high amounts and ^{leads to several remedial activities are; Eugenol (C}₁₀^H₁₂^O₂^{), Oleanolic Acid (C}₃₀^H₄₈^O₃^{), Linalool (C}₁₀^H₁₈^{O), Ursolic Acid (C}₃₀^H₄₈^O₃^{), Beta-Caryophyllene (C}₁₅^H₂₄^{), Rosemarinic Acid (C}₁₈^H₁₆^O₈^{), Estragole (C}₁₀^H₁₂^{O), Carvacrol (C}₁₀^H₁₄^{O), Methyl Cinnamate (C}₁₀^H₁₀^O₂^{) (Fig.1) 11.}

 

Fig.1: Structure of major chemical constituents of Ocimum tenuiflorum.

 

4. Experimental and Pharmacological Studies:

Worldwide various scientific experiments of Ocimum tenuiflorum have been designed to evaluate the pharmacological actions, their after-effects or side effects, and their therapeutic uses against various diseases. Based on various experimental and clinical investigations on Ocimum tenuiflorum, the following pharmacological activities or therapeutic properties were reported.

 

4.1 Antioxidant Activity:

This activity was reported by many researchers ^{3, 71}. Flavonoids have antioxidant properties and their role in membrane protection was observed ⁷¹. Antioxidant activity of the flavonoids (orientin and vicenin) in vivo resulted in a significant reduction in the radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver ^{20, 72}. Tulsi extract has significantly scavenged high reactive free radicals ¹². The Tulsi extract from leaves and stem have phenolic compounds and showed great antioxidant actions. The rosemarinic acid, isothymusin, cirsilineol, cirsimaritin, eugenol, and apigenin are the name of extracted phenolic commixture ²⁹.

 

4.2 Anti-diabetic Activity:

When the Tulsi extract is administered orally it results in decrease blood sugar in both, glucose- fed hyperglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats ⁷³. By modulating the intracellular Ca⁺² channel the extract of Tulsi stimulates the physiological pathway for the secretion of insulin via stimulating pancreatic β-cell ⁷⁴. In clinical studies, placebo-controlled (a randomized and cross-over single-blind trial) – indicates a decrease in blood glucose (fasting-17.6% and postprandial-7.3%) level, quite similarly showed in urine glucose level. Tulsi also have aldose reductase activity, it helps to overcome side effects of diabetes (cataract, retinopathy, etc.)^{12 75}. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Tulsi found significant against streptozotocin (at dose level- 250 mg/kg body weight) and nicotinamide (at dose level-500mg/kg body weight) in comparison with glibenclamide ⁷⁶. Ethanol extract of Tulsi reduces hyperglycemia in alloxan diabetic rats ⁷⁴.

 

4.3 Antimicrobial activity:

The leaf extracts and essential oil from Tulsi were reported as having antimicrobial activity ³. Tulsi is effective against various strains of bacteria and fungi. Alcoholic extract of Tulsi is found effective against Vibrio cholera ⁷⁷. The aq. Extract is effective against Gram-positive and Gram- negative bacterial strains ³. Linalool shows the most prevalent against candidiasis, caused by Candida species. It decreases the growth and metabolism rate of candida by inhibiting proton pumps ⁷⁸. Fixed oil (mainly linolenic acid and ß-caryophyllene) showed growth inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus pumilus. It is also resistant to Neisseria gonorrhea strains ^{10, 3, 11}.

 

4.4 Chemopreventive Activity:

The chemopreventive activity of Tulsi extract was detected through the consecration of hepatic/extrahepatic GST in mice. In Tulsi extract supplemented mice, raised levels of deflated GSH were found in liver, lungs, and stomach tissues ⁷⁹. The seed oil of Tulsi in high concentrations showed significant anti-proliferative and chemopreventive exercise in mice ⁴⁰. The quiescent chemopreventive activity of seed oil imputed its antioxidant and cancer prevention activity ⁸⁰.

 

4.5 Anticancer Activity:

The anticancer property of Tulsi has been experimentally proven and referred by many researchers [14, 59]. The alcoholic extract of Tulsi leaves was highly affected carcinogen metabolizing compounds or enzymes such as cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, which are highly important for cancer-causing agents and mutagens [81]. In human fibrosarcoma cell cultures, phytoconstituents are reported to have anticancer activity, here anticancer activity is accounted as morphological changes on culture; shrunken cytoplasm, condensed nuclei, contracted cells, and dense core [82]. Tulsi significantly diminished the incidence of benzo (a) pyrene instigated neoplasia of forestomach of mice and 3'- methyl-4-dimethylaminoazo-benzene persuaded hepatomas in rodents [83]. The beer of Tulsi leaves was significantly reported as an inhibitory effect on artificially induced skin papillomas in mice [84]. The initiation of papillomagenesis induced by 7, 12-dimethyl benz (a) anthracene (DMBA, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), when topical treatment of Tulsi extract was performed, reduces the tumor occurrence capacity and papilloma formation in mice [79]. The significantly high reduction of GSH substance and GST exercises are other applications of topical use of extracts [22]. The Ocimum tenuiflorum fresh leaves, glue, or paste were taken orally can prevent the early occasions of DMBA induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis [85]. The chemical carcinogenesis events were suppressed by inactivating the metabolic process of carcinogen, Tulsi

 

leaf extract activity ⁸⁶. The anticancer property of Tulsi was detected in Swiss albino mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and tumor S 180 ⁸⁷.

 

4.6 Radioprotective Activity:

The Tulsi phyto-constituents radioprotectivity impact, firstly observed in - 1995 ⁷². The flavonoids extracted from the leaves of Tulsi; orientin and vicenin indicate better radioprotective influence as contrasted with synthetic or artificial radioprotectors. They have indicated significant protection towards human lymphocytes against clastogenic action of radiation at mediocre, inoffensive concentrations ⁸⁸. The combination of Ocimum tenuiflorum extract with WR-2721 (synthetic) shows the high protective activity of bone marrow cell and reduces harmfulness and toxicity of WR-2721 at higher dose ⁸⁹.

 

4.7 Hepatoprotective Activity:

The methanol leaf extracts of Tulsi are effective in altering the dimethylnitrosamine implicated hepatotoxicity ⁸⁶. The hydro-ethanolic extract of Tulsi leaves orally administrated at 200mg/kg gave protection against liver injury persuaded by paracetamol, in male Wistar albino rats ⁹⁰. Ocimum tenuiflorum cold water extract was adequate against carbon tetrachloride invaded liver injury in albino rats ⁹¹.

 

4.8 Antifertility Activity:

Leaf extracts of Tulsi in benzene and petroleum ether solvent were expressed high antifertility activity in female rats, 80% and 60% respectively ⁹². Similarly, the benzene extracts highly responsible for diminishing sperm tally, testis weight, and motility of sperm reported in male rodents ⁹³. The Ursolic acid; one of the major component of Tulsi, possess antifertility effect. This effect is related to an anti-estrogenic mechanism that is responsible for lacking or arresting male rat spermatogenesis ^{92, 93}.

 

4.9 Antipyretic Activity:

The fixed oil of Tulsi (O. tenuiflorum) showed antipyretic activity ⁹³. It was assessed by tests on rodents by inducing pyrexia through typhoid-paratyphoid A/B vaccine. The IP (intraperitoneal) administration of oil significantly reduced the febrile reaction indicating its antipyretic properties.

 

The fixed oil also has an inhibitory effect on prostaglandin. The antipyretic activity of oil at a dose of 3ml/kg was similar to ibuprofen and aspirin ⁹⁴.

 

4.10 Adaptogenic or Antistress Activity:

An adaptogenic activity depends upon the immune stimulant capacity of Tulsi [11, 12]. The whole plant alcoholic extract increased the physical perseverance (survival time) of swimming mice, forestalled stress prompted ulcers and milk actuated leukocytosis respectively in rats and mice, indicating acceptance of vaguely increased ⁹⁵.

 

4.11 Antiulcer Activity:

Intra-peritoneal administration of O. sanctum fixed oil evoked high antiulcer activity against ^{Indomethacin, Reserpine, Serotonin, alcohol (50% C}2^H5^{OH), Histamine, Aspirin, and stress} instigated ulcers in rodents ⁹⁴. Lipoxygenase inhibition, antisecretory, and histamine antagonistic effects present in fixed oil significant amount possessed antiulcer activity ⁹⁶.

 

4.12 Anticoagulant Activity:

The fixed oil of Tulsi (dose-3ml/kg, intra-peritoneal) demonstrated that prolongation in blood clotting time and the whole reaction was comparable with aspirin (dose-100mg/kg). The impact produced by Tulsi oil on platelets, expected as anti-aggregator ⁹⁷.

 

4.13 Cardioprotective Activity:

Ocimum sanctum seed extract in hydro-alcohol showed great efficiency for cardioprotection. Tulsi plants have varieties of bioactive constituents, including quercetin, diosgenin, carotinized, isoflavones, catechin, and sulforaphane have been reported as an enhancer of cardioprotection, hence lacking the risk of cardiac abnormalities ⁹⁸. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Tulsi investigated against myocardial infarction (MI) rats, MI induced by subcutaneously administered isoproterenol (ISO). The level of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and LDH reduced significantly in rats. It also inhibits lipid peroxidation. Tulsi at the dose of 50mg/kg shows the maximum rate of cardioprotective ⁹⁹.

 

4.14 Antihypertensive Activity:

The Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn were prevented transient cerebral ischemia (a brief stroke-like attack) and long-term cerebral hypoperfusion (causing cellular oedema, gliosis and perivascular inflammatory invade) ¹⁰⁰. The Tulsi fixed oil contains; linoleic and linolenic acids (essential fatty acids), it produces PGE-1 and PGE-3 (prostaglandins- atrial pressure regulator) and inhibits PGE-2 (it increases blood pressure and hypertension) formation ^{20, 100}.

 

4.15 Antiviral Activity:

The chemical constituents of Tulsi show antiviral activity. Majorly ursolic acid and eugenol demonstrated antiviral activity including influenza ³⁴.

 

4.16 Anti HIV:

Various studies were suggested that chlorophyll derivatives reported against enveloped viruses including HIV. Ocimum sanctum chlorophyll derivative “Pheophytin-a” has a potential anti-HIV agent attacking HIV-1 protease. “Phy-a” was reported as an inhibitor of HIV replication ¹⁰¹.

 

4.15.1 Anti dengue virus:

Methanolic extract of Tulsi plant exhibit antiviral properties toward dengue virus 1 (DENV 1) through inhibition of viral replication and cytopathic (host cell- structural changes) formation ^{102, 103}.

 

4.15.2 Anti covid-19 virus:

O. sanctum (Tulsi), phytoconstituents are reported as Anti-covid-19 activity. Out of 46 active phyto-constituents of Tulsi, only three components; Vicenin (flavonoid), Isorientin 4′-O-glucoside 2″-O-p-hydroxybenzoate (a flavon), and Ursolic acid (a natural triterpene compound) were showed positive response against covid-19 virus. In comparison with to built-in ligand N3 for SARS-CoV- 2 M^pro, these compounds gave significant binding affinity. Apart from this vicenin reported as highest binding energy (8.97 kcal/mol), it interacts with C and π-donor hydrogen bonding with Glu 166, Thr 190, Gln 189 and Pro 168 residues along with Met 165 (π-sulfur bonding), and Cys 145 (allyl interaction). The isorientin interacts with Arg 40, Arg 105, Arg 188 residues (a positive charged H-bond), and Tyr 54 residue with hydrophobic interaction with binding energy 8.55 kcal/mol. The ursolic acid, binding energy- 8.52 kcal/mol binds with Leu 272, Leu 287, and Tyr 239 residues (alkyl and π-alkyl interaction) and with Leu 271 (carbon-hydrogen bonding) residues. They have reduced the capacity of translation of viral proteins ¹⁰⁴.

 

4.16 Analgesic Activity:

Analgesic activity of Tulsi was found in experimental models. It was highly reactive against acetic acid introduced writhing model in rodents (dose-dependent manner). The inhibitory effect of oil was demonstrated due to joint inhibitory effects of histamine, acetylcholine, and prostaglandins ¹⁰⁵.

 

4.17 Immunomodulatory Activities:

The new leaves refined extract of O. sanctum demonstrated alteration in the humoral resistant reaction in pale-skinned rodents. The extract adjusts, cell intervened insusceptible receptiveness and GABergic pathways arbitrate immunomodulatory effects ¹⁰⁶. A randomized double-blind control trial is conducted in healthy volunteers to assess the immunomodulatory action of Tulsi. The results are shown in elevated amounts of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 including T-helper cells and Natural killer cells ¹⁰⁷. A significant enhancement in anti-sheep RBC antibody titer and low % histamine revealed from peritoneal mast cells of stimulated rats (humoral immune response), and the decrease in thickness and % inhibition of leukocyte migration (LMI) of Tulsi seed oil (3 ml/kg, IP) ¹⁰⁸. The oral dose of aqueous extract of Tulsi accelerates the production of WBC, RBC hemoglobin and it also enhances the manufacture of antibodies without stirring the biochemical parameters ¹⁰⁹.

 

4.18 Anticataract activity:

The aqueous extract of Tulsi leaves that delayed the cataractogenesis is a preliminary model of cataract (naphthalene cataract in rabbits- 1g/kg and galactosemic cataract in rodents-30%). The higher dose is very much effective ¹¹⁰.

 

4.19 Antiarthritic Activity:

Wide varieties of chemical constituents were reported as antiarthritic activity. In Tulsi essential oil (ursolic acid, apigenin, luteolin) from leaves and flower extract showed antiarthritic activity ¹¹¹.  It was screened by Singh et al. in 1996 using against formaldehyde-inducted arthritis, Freund’s adjuvant arthritis, and turpentine oil-induced joint edema in rats ¹¹².

 

4.20 Memory enhancer activity:

The whole dried plant or extract of Leaves (aqueous} and entire plant {alcoholic} of Tulsi enhanced the amnesic effect of scopolamine (0.4mg/kg) and maturing initiated memory shortfalls in mice. This greatly abolishes the acetylcholine esterase .and down dormancy (SDL) restraint. Thus, Tulsi is used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, and dementia (psychological disorders) ^{113, 114}.

 

Table 2: Chemical Constituents of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Their Activities.

Bio-Chemical Constituents	Source	Characteristics	Uses/Activity	Ref.
Eugenol	Whole plant	Phenylpropane	Antimicrobial, Antilarvacidal, Antidiabetic	[1] [29] [34] [62]
Camphor	Leaves	Terpenoid	Antimicrobial, Antiviral	[21] [114]
Ursolic acid	Leaves	Pentacyclic triterpenoid	Anti-fertility, Antiarthiritis, Anti-covid-19	[104] [111]
Linalool	Whole plant	Terpene alcohol	Antilaravcidal, Antimalarial, Antimicrobial	[78] [114]
Methylchavicol	Leaves	Phenylpropane	Free radical scavenging	[29]
Methyl cinnamate	Whole plant	Methyl ester of cinnamate	Food additives	[3] [114]
Methyleugenol	Leaves	Phenylpropane	Antimicrobial	[13] [62]
Caryophyellene	Leaves	Sesquiterpene (Natural, bicyclic)	Antimicrobial, Antilarval, Anticataract	[3] [10] [62] [114]
Isothymusin	Aerial part	Flavonoid	Anticancer	[29]
Orientin	Leaves	Glycosidic flavonoid	Anticancer, radioprotective, lipid peroxidation	[72] [88]
Vicenin	Leaves	Glycosidic flavonoid	Anticancer, radioprotective, Anti-covid-19	[104] [114]
Rosemarinic acid	Leaves	Phenolic	Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant	[29] [50]
Estragole,	Whole plant	Phenylpropane	Antimicrobial	[3]
Pheophytin-a	Leaves	Chlorophyll derivative	Anti-HIV activity	[101]
Luteolin	Leaves, flowers	Flavonoids	Antiarthritic	[111]
Cirisilineol	Leaves	Phenolic or biphenyl	Antioxidant	[29]
Linolenic acid	Seeds	Omega-3 fatty acid	Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antihypertensive	[11] [100]
Oleanolic Acid	Leaves, Roots	Pentacyclic triterpenoid	Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Antistress	[3] [86]
Quercetin	Leaves	Flavonoid	Antioxidant, Cardioprotective	[98]
Apigenin	Flowers, Leaves	Flavone glycosides	Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiarthritic	[29] [111]
Isorientin	Leaves	Flavone	Anti covid-19 activity	[104]
Catechin	Whole plant	Phenol	Cardioprotective	[98]
Isoflavones	Seeds	Polyphenolic	Antioxidant	[31]
Sulforaphane	Leaves	Isothiocyanate	Cardioprotective, Antioxidant	[98]
Disogenin	Roots	Phytosteroid saponin	Antioxidant, hypoglycemia, Anti-inflammatory, Antiproliferative	[114] [115]

 

5. CONCLUSION:

Although, various studies have been done for evaluating the usefulness of, Tulsi in various ailments and clinical conditions there remains a gap between the discovery and development of effective drugs with this preliminary knowledge.   The   present   article   on   Ocimum sanctum or Ocimum tenuiflorum or Tulsi describes the review on previous medicinal prominences, phytoconstituents, and former pharmacological performed works. Extensensive research needs to be done in the identification and isolation of the bioactive molecules that confer the medicinal properties to this plant. The isolation of such bioactive molecules will help in better understanding the molecular interaction of these molecules at the cellular level and help in the development of drugs with the highest efficacy.

 

6. REFERENCES:

1.      Khurana, P. A Review On Medicinal Uses of Ocimum Tenuiflorum Linn (TULSI).

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Received on 05.04.2023         Modified on 19.04.2023

Accepted on 27.04.2023       ©A&V Publications All right reserved