INTRODUCTION:

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in the body. These abnormal cells are called cancer cells, malignant cells, or tumor cells. These cells can enter the normal tissues of the body. Many types of cancer and abnormal cells that form cancerous tissue are also identified by the name of the abnormal tissue for example, breast cancer, lung cancer, and skin cancer etc. When damaged or undamaged cells do not die and become cancer cells and show disintegration and uncontrollable growth - the number of cancer cells grows. Usually, cancer cells can break away from the original group of cells, move through the blood and lymph systems, and settle in other organs where they can repeat the uncontrolled growth cycle.¹

This process of cancer cells leaving the area and growing in another part of the body is called metastatic proliferation or metastasis. For example, if breast cancer cells spread to the bone it means that a person has metastatic to bone cancer.² Example of cancer Bladder Cancer, Breast Cancer, Colon and Rectal Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Kidney Cancer, Leukemia, Liver Cancer, Lung Cancer, Melanoma, Non-Hodgkin

Lymphoma, Pancreatic Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Thyroid Cancer.³

History of cancer:

The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott, who discovered in 1775 that scrotum cancer was a common disease among the chimney. The work of some individual physicians led to various interpretations,^4-6but once the physicians began working together, they were able to reach solid conclusions. With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that 'cancer poison' eventually spread from the original field. through lymph nodes in other sites ("metastasis"). This concept of disease was first expressed by English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874.⁷The use of surgery to treat cancer has had serious side effects due to hygiene issues. Well-known Scottish surgeon.⁸Alexander Monro identified only 2 patients out of 60 who had survived for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as survival rates soared, surgical removal of the tumor became a major treatment for cancer. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that postoperative treatment rates were higher before asepsis (and he injected herbal bacteria with mixed results),⁹cancer treatment relied on individual surgeon's expertise in removal. tumor. A major cause of such effects may be that the infection stimulates the immune system to destroy the left cells. At the same time, the idea that the body is made up of different tissues, which are made up of millions of cells, formed the basis of humorous theories about chemical imbalances in the body.¹⁰

Sign and symptoms:

Symptoms and signs of cancer depend on the type of cancer where the cancer cells have spread. For example, breast cancer may present as a lump in the breast and symptoms of pain if spread to bones, extreme fatigue (lungs^11-14or seizures (brain). some patients have not shown the signs and symptoms of the cancer. Change in bowel or bladder habits. A new type of pain in the bones or other parts of the body that may be worse, or worse, but not the same pain as before. Chronic fatigue and nausea or vomiting. Unexplained low-grade fevers may be either persistent or come and go Recurring infections which will not clear with usual treatment.^15-16

Herbal medicine:

Medicinal plants are called Medicinal herbs, and have been found and used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Plants contain hundreds of chemical compounds to perform a function that includes protection against them Insects, fungi, and mammals. Many phytochemicals with potential or established biological functions have been found. However, since one plant contains a number of different phytochemicals, the effects of using the whole plant as a drug are uncertain. In addition, the phytochemical content and pharmaceutical content, if any, in many plants with therapeutic potential remains undergone rigorous scientific research to explain its efficacy and safety.

History of Herbal Medicine:

Archaeological evidence suggests that the use of medicinal plants dates back to the Paleolithic years, nearly 60,000 years ago. Some ancient cultures write about plants and their medicinal uses in books called herbs. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyri, shown in tomb paintings, or in rare cases found in medicinal vessels with a small number of herbs. In ancient Egypt, the Ebers papyrus dates back to about 1550 BC, and it covers more than 700 compounds, mainly of plant origin.^17-20 The earliest known Greek herbs are from Theophrastus of Eresos who, in the 4th century BC, wrote in Greek Historia Plantarum, from Diocles of Carystus who wrote in the middle of the 3rd century BC, and Crateuas who wrote in the first century BC. Only a fragment of these texts survived, but according to the rest, scholars have noted that they are in harmony with Egyptian medico. The seeds that may have been used for medicinal purposes were found in archaeological sites of the Bronze Age of China dating from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC). More than a hundred of the 224 ingredients mentioned in Huangdi Neijing, an ancient Chinese medical text, are herbal remedies.^21-22Herbs were widely used in traditional Indian medicine, where the main treatment for this disease was diet. De Materia Medica, originally written in Greek by Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40–90 AD) of Anazarbus, Cilicia, is a physician and botanist, one example of medicinal use that lasted for centuries until the 1600s.

Herbal Medicine in Cancer Treatment:

Nowadays herbal medicine has played a major role in controlling the symptoms of cancer and treatment by reducing side effects. Other therapeutic drugs create apoptotic pathways through a variety of mechanisms and pathways to cancer cells.

Herbal medicines in the treatment of cancer

In India, herbal medicines have been used for centuries to treat many different health problems. Includes plants or a mixture of herbs extracted to treat illness and encourage health. Herbal medicine is one of the most widely used medicines that are consistent and different for people who have cancer.

Astragalus:

Astragalus is obtained from the dried root of Perennial herb of Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii which belongs to the family of Fabaceae.^23-24The chemical constituent of Astragalus is Polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, sterols, and astragalosides are the major chemical components of A membranaceus roots. Extraction of SH003, a novel herbal medicine containing Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii, showed the potential to act as an anticancer agent. SH003 inhibits the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2; KDR) receptor, thereby inhibiting VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling and tumor endothelial cell migration, invasion and formation of the tube. This inhibits tumor angiogenesis.²⁵

Dong Quai:

Dong Quai is obtained from the root or root oil of Angelica sinensis belonging to the family of Apiaceae. The chemical constituent of Dong Quai is phytosterols, polysaccharides, ligustilide, butylphthalide, cnidilide,^26-27isoenidilide, p-cymene, ferulate, and flavonoids. Dong quai exhibits estrogenic activity in vitro and stimulates proliferation of MCF-7 cells . Patients using this herb ask the doctor before taking this.²⁸

Burdock Root:

It is obtained from the species of Arctium lappa, the species A. minus and A. tomentosum.Burdock is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. the mucilage, sulfurous acetylene compounds, polyacetylenes and bitter guaianolide-type constituents Are present in burdock root Seeds contain arctigenin, arctiin, and butyrolactone lignans. Burdock seeds contain arctiin, which may have a protective effect against cancer. Preliminary research suggests arctiin converted into estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds by intestinal bacteria Burdock leaf may have Lappaol F was shown to induce G (1) and G (2) cell-cycle arrest, induce cell death. In other studies, arctigenin inhibited the proliferation, and induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells via suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3)/survivin signalling pathway. Recent research shows that burdock root is very effective at removing the cancer-causing toxins that accumulate in our digestive systems when certain foods are not properly digested15. There are several anti-cancer herbal compounds that have used burdock root as a base including “Flor-Essence,” and “Essiac.” In fact, one anti-cancer formula sold and marketed in 1919, called “Hoxsey,” was burdock root. Specially treating Breast cancer14 Some herbalists state that burdock root can stop cancer cells from metastasizing. It is often used in India and Russia for the treatment of cancer. Burdock can be used safely, except for those who are on potassium lowering diuretic therapy, as it contains fairly high quantities of potassium.^29-31

Ginger:

Ginger consists of the dried rhizomes of the Zingiber officinale Roscoe, belonging to family Zingiberaceae.The main nutrients in ginger rhizomes are carbohydrates (50-70%), lipids (3-8%), terpenes, and phenolic compounds³²Terpene components of ginger include zingiberene, β-bisabolene, α-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-curcumene, while phenolic compounds include gingerol, paradols, and shogaol ).These gingerols (23-25%) and shogaol (18-25%) are available in higher quantities than others. Apart from this, amino acids, raw fiber, ash, proteins, phytosterols, vitamins (e.g., nicotinic acid and vitamin A), and minerals are present known as gingerols and shogaols Other compounds related to gingerol- or shogaol (1–10%), reported in the ginger rhizome, include 6-paradol, 1-dehydrogingerdione, 6- gingerdione and 10-gingerdione, 4- gingerdiol, 6 -gingerol, 8- gingerdiol, and 10-gingerdiol, and diarylheptanoids The aroma and flavor of ginger are due to a mixture of various oils such as shogaol and gingerols .mechanism involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger are contribute by free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways, alteration of gene expressions and induction of apoptosis and thus cause decrease in tumor initiation, promotion and progression.^33-35

ALOE VERA:

Aloes is obtained from the dried juice of the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller, known as Curacao aloes, Aloe perryi Baker, know as Socotrine aloes. Aloe ferox Miller and hybrids of this species with aloe africana Miller and aloe spicata Baker, known as cape aloes, belonging to family Liliaceae.Active components with its properties: Aloe vera contains 75 potentially active constituents: vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin, saponins, salicylic acids and amino acids. Vitamins: It contains vitamins A (beta-carotene), C and E, which are antioxidants. It also contains vitamin B12, folic acid, and choline. The two fractions from Aloes that are claimed to have anticancer effects include glycoproteins (lectins) and polysaccharides. Different studies indicated antitumor activity for Aloe vera gel in terms of reduced tumor burden, tumor shrinkage, tumor necrosis, and prolonged survival rates. An induction of glutathione S-transferase and an inhibition of the tumor-promoting effect of phorbol myristic acetate have also been reported which suggest Aloe gel in cancer chemoprevention. Indirect action on antitumor activity is stimulation of the immune response.^36-38

Turmeric:

Turmeric is obtained from the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (syn. C. domestica Valeton)., belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. Turmeric contains 3-6% polyphenolic compounds, collectively known as curcuminoids,³⁹ which is a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids, the main constituent of turmerics. Pure curcumin has more potent superoxide anion scavenging activity than demethoxycurcumin or bisdemethoxycurcumin. cancer cell death without harming healthy cells. It does this through the suppression of an activation pathway, kappa B, which is linked to numerous diseases caused by inflammation, including cancer. Some recent studies indicate that curcumin has anti-cancer properties. When given to laboratory mice by mouth, turmeric was effective in preventing stomach, lung, colon, breast, and skin cancers.^40-41

Licorice Root:

Liquorice is the peeled and unpeeled roots, stolons, and stems of Glycyrrhiza glabra . It belongs to the family of Fabaceae. Licorice root has been used by Ancient Chinese medicine as an anti-virus, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer agent. DNA damage is usually caused by carcinogens, and licorice root provides protection against that type of damage. Licorice root also contains polyphenols that promote apoptosis (automatic death) in cancer cells. Chronic stress often leads to the growth of cancer cells. Licorice root stops the growth of breast cancer cells in humans, according to a study in South KoreaIt modulates the expression of Bcl-2/Bax (B-cell lymphoma 2) apoptotic regulatory factor 5. Licorice root dose-dependently increased the expression of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and p27 and down-regulated the expression of cell cycle-related genes. The finding suggests that licorice root can mitigate the tumorigenic effects of TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8- tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin) in breast cancer cells by suppression of AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) expression and cell cycle arrest. Thus, licorice root can be used as a potential toxicity-alleviating agent against EDC (electric daisy carnival) mediated diseases.^42-45

Tea:

It contains the prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis (Linne) Kuntz, belonging to the family Theaceae. The leaves are a rich source of caffeine (1-5%). It also contains theobromine and theophylline in small amounts. The color of the tea leaves is due to tannin (10-20% gallotannic acid). The aroma is caused by the presence of yellow oil. Tea leaves also contain protein, wax, resin and ashes. Another study conducted by the USDA in 2006 found that tea contains more than 700 different compounds, many of which were already known for their ability to fight disease. Among these compounds known to fight disease are polysaccharides, flavonoids, certain vitamins, and amino acidsAll varieties of tea, including green white, black, and oolong, were found to contain high levels of antioxidants, which are powerful anti-aging and anti-tumor agents. Tea has high levels of vitamin C, which is known to fight cancer causing free radicals. Tea has a low glycemic index and has strong cleansing properties. Regular consumption of tea has long been associated with the prevention of diabetes and heart disease.⁴⁶

Onion:

The onion also known as bulb onion or common onion is obtained from the species Allium cepa. It belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae.Onion has plentiful chemical compounds such as allicin, quercetin, fisetin, other sulphurous compounds: diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulfide. Onion has a high antioxidant activity and is associated with a variety of pharmacological items including being anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and anti-carcinogenic. One study demonstrated the high antioxidant activity of adult mice fed onion. There is a direct link between the consumption of onions and the risk of common cancer. Researchers from the Italian Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research compiled data from both Italian and Swiss controlled studies as well as multivariate models to reduce onion consumption and cancer levels. The risk rates vary, but onions lowered the risk of colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, mouth cancer, and breast cancer. Onions are high in polyphenols, which prevent diseases, including cancer. Onions are also high in antioxidants, which are also known cancer fighters. These popular veggies also contain a compound called quercetin, which has been shown to decrease cancer tumor cells.⁴⁹

Artemisia annua:

Artemisia annually consists of Chinese traditional herb Artemisia annua Linna. It belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It contain Artemisinin, Sesquiterpene, artemisinic acid, pinocarvone, tricyclene, Myrtenol, germacrene D, Chrysosplenetin, myrtenal, Bornylacetate, Selinene, Pinocarveol, Scopoletin. This little-known plant recently became wormwood and had the potential to become a powerful anti-cancer herb. One compound extracted from this plant, called artemisinin, has been shown to have a positive effect on cancer cells and malaria, as well as many viruses including hepatitis B and C, as well as herpes simplex. Artemisinin has been linked to cancer cell death, colon cancer. cancer, leukemia, and other types of cancer. It shows promise for the development of both preventive and therapeutic measures. Flavonoids are present in A leaf. annua have been linked to suppression of CYP450 enzymes responsible for altering the absorption and metabolism of artemisinin in the body, but have also been linked to the beneficial function of protecting the immune system in studies affected by parasitic diseases and chronic diseases.^50
-51

CONCLUSION:

For centuries, various plants (many systematized in traditional Chinese medicine) have been used as medicines and disease therapeutics in most human many companies work on the pharmacological effects, usage, and the development into future medicines of herbs and derivative medicinal phytochemicals as anti-tumor and chemoprevention agents. Although considerable effort has been put into the verification and upgrade of many traditional remedies or multiple-herb formulations, systematic, standardized research and the use of FDA regulatory protocols and defined clinical trials are still quite limited and need to be actively pursued. At the same time, it is necessary for scientists, clinicians, and regulatory agencies to actively consider how to create novel, improved, or modified clinical surveys, studies, and trial mechanisms that employ the stringent trial standards of the 21st century but also incorporate, at the international level, the wealth of old empirical but incomplete data from various records and documents accumulated by traditional medicine practices worldwide, to expedite the discovery and development of new phytomedicines and botanical drugs.

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Received on 23.05.2022 Modified on 16.09.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(1):33-38.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00006