INTRODUCTION:

The plants are considered to be as a god’s gift. Plants has been utilized for therapeutic purposes well before ancient period¹. Medicinal plants have been a major source of cure for human diseases since time immemorial. It is no wonder that the world’s one-fourth population i.e. 1.42 billion people, are dependent on traditional medicines for the treatment of various ailments². Natural plants are extensively being used as primary health remedies because of their various pharmacological properties. The plant-based drug has been shown a lot of interest due to their less side effects, easier availability and lower cost when compared to chemically based drugs. 80% population in the world still mainly relies on plant-based drugs. The Indian flora offers a variety of plants having medicinal properties.

These plants can be exploited to find out effective alternative to synthetic drugs³. The word Argemone’ is derived from the Greek word “argena”, which means 'cataract of the eye', and this name was used in the first century AD by Dioscorides (AD 40-90) and Pliny (AD 23-79) for some spiny; mexicana is a combination of Mexico with Latin suffix ana, suggesting the name of country of origin⁴. The plant Argemone mexicana Linn. (Family: Papaveraceae) is a species of poppy usually found in Mexico City and now widely naturalized in many places of the world. It is a South America exotic weed that has spread over several tropical and sub-tropical regions, as well as in Western Africa⁵.

This shrub can be found growing beside roads and in fields in India⁶. The leaves are 5 to 11cm long, approximately blotched with green and white, glaucous broad at the base, half-clasping the sinuate-lobed stem, and spiky on this tall prickly annual herb that grows to about 1m in height. The terminal, golden, and odourless flowers have a diameter of 4 to 5cm. The capsule is obovate or elliptic-oblong in shape, about 3cm long, spiny, and obovate or elliptic-oblong in shape. The seeds seem to be spherical, shiny, black, and pitted^7,8.

PLANT PROFILE:

Figure no 1: Argemone mexicana Linn

a) Taxonomical classification:

Table no 1: Taxonomical classification of Argemone mexicana

*The taxonomical classification of Argemone mexicana⁹*
Kingdom	Plantae
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida dicotyledons
Subclass	Magnoliidae
Order	Papaverales
Family	Papavaraceae
Genus	Argemone
Species	A.mexicana

b) The plant A.mexicana is known by different vernacular names in different parts of India by the local people as mentioned below:

Hindi : Satyanashi, Bharbhand

Assamese: Siyalakanta

Manipuri : Khomthongpee

Nepali : kaande

Tamil : kurukku

Kannada : Arasina ummatta

Punjabi : kandiali

Mizo : Ber-bek

(c)Parts used:

Whole plant, Seeds, Seed oil, Flowers, latex, Roots, leaves.

(d)Botanical description:

Argemone mexicana is an annual herb, glabrous, yielding yellow latex, up to (150) cm tall, taproot solid, stem with scattered prickles. Lower leaves in a rosette and with a short petiole, stem leaves alternate, sessile, auricled, obovate in outline, 5-22cm 3-7cm, margin wavy to more or less deeply lobed, sharply toothed, lobes curled upwards, white variegated along the main veins, bluish green elsewhere, prickles scattered along the margin and on the veins below, prickles.

Flowers solitary, regular, 3-merous; bracts three, leafy; sepals vaulted, with few prickles, horn just below apex, caducous; petals six, obovate, 1.5-3cm long, pale to bright yellow; stamens many, free; ovary superior, ovoid, eight to ten mm long, with long soft bristles, style very short, Fruits seems to be prickly oblong 3-6-lobed ellipsoid¹⁰.

Valves 3-6, dehiscing from the apex to about 1/3, coated with stinging prickles, many-seeded, 2.5-4cm long. Seeds are globular, 1.5-2mm in diameter, delicately net-veined, black-brown in colour, with a pronounced hilum and pale colour. Cotyledons are linear and up to two cm long on seedlings with epigeal germination.

(e) Geographical distribution:

A. mexicana is native to Mexico and the West Indies, but it has spread throughout the world as a result of accidental introduction or ornamental use. It is generally found from Cape Verde east to Somalia, and to South Africa¹¹.

(f) Ethno medicinal use:

Mexico people use the entire parts of the plant A.mexicana both fresh and in the dried form generally used for relieve kidney pain post-naturally. Spanish people who lived in Sonora, they called it as cardosanto, which is used in the treatment of laxative¹². An A.mexicana tea in Mali is used to cure malaria^13,14,15. In the India traditionally, the yellow sap of A. mexicana and the whole plant parts is used for the treatment of jaundice¹⁶ and also it is used for the treatment for leprosy, malaria, rheumatism, pain, inflammation, skin illnesses, fever, piles, warts, diarrhoea, tumours, and worm infestations are all treated using the entire plant, roots, leaves, stem, and flowers in traditional medicine. The plant has a diuretic, purgative, and wound-healing properties. The plant is analgesic, antispasmodic, sedative, and perhaps psychedelic. A.mexicana is an expectorant and aphrodisiac that aids in the richness of blood. It is used for curing skin conditions like leukoderma¹⁷.

2. Phytochemical properties of Argemone mexicana.

The core of herbal treatment is phytochemistry, and phytochemicals play a crucial role in the creation of herbal medications. Because of the huge number of compounds present as a combination in the extract in tiny proportions, it is continually confronted with a difficulty. Berberine, coptisine, muramine, stylopine, cryptopine, thalifone, sanguinarine, protopine, optisine, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been identified throughout the A. mexicana plant. The plant consist of carbohydrates, steroids, carboxylic acid, flavonoids, phenolics, long-chain aliphatic alcohol, terpenoids and also alkaloids such as berberine, tetrahydroberberine, protopine, and Benzophenanthridines. The seed oil, also known as Argemone oil, is said to contain sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Palmitic, myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids are also found in it¹⁸.

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:

1 Antioxidant activity:

The antioxidant activity was carried with the aerial parts of A.mexicana Linn DPPH-scavenging and hydrogen-peroxide-scavenging models were used to test. The scavenging of hydrogen peroxide was 87.1 percent that is compared to that of the standard Ascorbic acid (90.5 percent). The ethanolic extract of A. mexicana Linn had the maximum % inhibition, at 61 percent, whereas the aqueous extract seemed to have the lowest, at 19.2. The antioxidant obtained from plant extracts was measured using the IC50 value¹⁹.

The antioxidant properties of the stems and leaves of the methanolic extracts of Yemeni A.mexicana Linn were carried out, and the phyto-chemical investigation, was the goals of this work. The methanolic extracts was seems to have substantial anti-oxidant properties, with a significant difference of p0.05 when comparing to ascorbic acid as a control²⁰.

The goal of this research was to assess the antioxidant activity of A. mexicana Linn roots, the findings suggest that A. mexicana Linn roots might be a natural antioxidant with a great therapeutic potential in preventing or delaying oxidative stress-related degenerative diseases²¹.

2 Wound healing activity:

Excision, incision, and dead space wound models were used in rats to evaluate the wound healing properties of A.mexicana Linn leaves. The study indicated that animals given methanol and aqueous extracts of A. mexicana had a higher rate of wound healing properties to that of other extracts under the study²².

Research was done using to verify the effect of A.mexicana using ethanolic extract of its root and the stems. The study was performed using the experimental rat and by performing antimicrobial activity against the highly pathogenic organism here gentamycin (0.3% w/w) has been used as a standard wound healing agent ²³.

3 Antifungal activity:

The antifungal property of Argemone mexicana aerial parts was tested against Fusarium Aspergillus niger and moniliforme. Ethyl acetate extract of A. mexicana was seems to be effective against Fusarium moniliforme which was further followed by ethanol extract of A. mexicana. Flavonoids, esters and aromatic acid are liable for the Antifungal properties of EAEAM²⁴.

Antifungal activity of Argemone mexicana leaves extract was performed against four fungi all the concentrations 40µl, 70µl and 100µl led to declining the growth of four fungi under study. Fluconazole was used as a typical antibiotic against the fungus in the investigation, and it was discovered that at a dosage of 10g/ml, it inhibited all the fungi. In comparison to conventional antibiotics fluconazole, A.mexicana leaves extract showed the most inhibition of all the fungus²⁵.

4 Antimicrobial activity:

Fresh leaf of A. mexicana was investigated for anti-microbial properties to that of the eleven clinical isolates of Gram +ve (2), Gram -ve (4) and fungus (5). The anti-bacterial properties of methanol extract of A. mexicana leave was tested in vitro by using well diffusion method, it did not demonstrate any antibacterial activity against bacteria, and it was quite sensitive to fungus. It does have exceptional action against Aspergilus niger (22mm, 24mm), and Candida albicans, which is relatively resistant to flucanazole. 3.12mg/ml is the MIC value. Thus, the current research will lead to a new supply of antimicrobials in the future²⁶.

The extracts of Argemone mexicana leaf extract were used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from a 5mM AgNO3 solution using the extracts of A. mexicana leaves extract as a capping and reducing agent, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy XRD, FTIR and SEM, were used to analyse nanoparticles. The sizes of the nanoparticles were 30nm. Moreover, these biologically produced nanoparticles were discovered to be extremely hazardous to a variety of bacteria²⁷.

The anti-bacterial property of A.mexicana L. plant extracts were investigated against gram (+) and (-) bacteria. Against all the model organism, the ethanolic extract showed broad spectrum action. Tannins, Alkaloids, Flavones, and Steroids were discovered during a phytochemical screening of the plant. The findings of this study back up the traditional usage of the entire plant of A.mexicana Linn as an antibacterial agent²⁸.

5 Hepatoprotective activity:

In comparison to the controls, treatment with an Ethyl acetate extracts of A.mexicana Linn (200 and 400mg/kg) produced significant (P0.001) hepatoprotective effects as it has proven by lowering serum enzyme activities, AST, ALT, ALP, and serum bilirubin, and almost normal histological architecture of the liver. The outcomes of the tests showed that ethyl acetate extracts have a remarkable hepatoprotective effect²⁹.

The hepato-protective property of A.mexicana Linn was perform on wistar rats from the foregoing biochemical criteria, it was shown that A.mexicana Linn, at 100 mg/kg of dosage, it has a reasonable capacity for curing liver parenchyma and regeneration of liver cells, suggesting that it might be used as an effective liver tonic. However, the functional components which are present in A. mexicana exhibits the hepatoprotective activity. Consequently, more research is needed to isolate the pure components which have an impact and to comprehend the mechanism by which it works for the benefit of humans³⁰.

6 Anti-inflammatory activity:

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory study of the ethanolic extracts of the root of A. mexicana Linn was perform using mice and rats respectively.

These investigations revealed that the extracts have antinociceptive property that is dose dependent at 50 and 100mg/kg (i.p) in mice, as well as a mild inflammatory activity at 50 and 100mg/kg. In mice, the extract had to have an LD50 of 368.00mg when given intraperitoneal injection (i.p). These findings confirm the use of the plant in the treatment of inflammatory and skin problems that has been done traditionally by traditional medicinal healers³¹.

The findings of this investigation revealed that A. mexicana has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties by greatly lowering the production of edema triggered by carrageenan. The significant response to the acetic acid produces writhing model and the hot plate test method which suggests that A.mexicana leave have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties³².

7 Antibacterial activity:

The antibacterial activity of different extracts using A.mexicana Linn stems were tested in-vitro by using agar well diffusion method and the MIC determinations testing against ten food-borne pathogenic bacteria five Gram (+) and five Gram (-). At a concentration of 10µl (equivalent to 300 g/disc), the organic extract had a significant antibacterial action against B. subtilis, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, C. Botulinum, C. perfringens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium. The inhibition zones against the investigated microorganisms were measured between 10.1 and 21.4mm, with MIC values in the range from 62.5 to 500g/ml³³.

Seed extracts of A.mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae) were tested for antibacterial efficacy against certain harmful strains of bacteria. The antibacterial property of a chloroform extract of seeds varied, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 mg/ml towards Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria. The chloroform extract was shown to be highly active against all the tested microorganisms than the other extracts. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their drug-resistant strains have MIC values of 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml, respectively. Sensitivity of the tested bacteria differs with the strain and species. The findings serve as the basis for isolating and purifying antibacterial compounds from the seeds of A. mexicana Linn³⁴.

The methanol extracts of A. mexicana linn leave were determine using total of 6 bacteria, two Gram (+) and four Gram (-) bacteria. Kanamycin was employed as a conventional antibiotic in all six bacterial cultures. They were tested by agar well diffusion method, among different concentrations (40µl, 70µl, 100µl) of leaf extracts studied 40µl showed no activity against bacteria. Whereas, 100µl showed maximum inhibition against all organisms that have been tested. While, 70µl showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris³⁵.

3.8 Anti-cancer activity:

The flowers of A.mexicana Linn were tested for anti-cancer efficacy against a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). To test the cytotoxic efficacy of the solid generated from the ethyl acetate fraction of A. mexicana Linn flower extracts of different doses against the Cell lines, in-vitro anticancer properties was performed. The cytotoxic impact should be confirmed using the MTT (methyl thiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) test for viable cells and markers³⁶. Based on MTT experimental result, methanol extracts of A. mexicana leave has anticancer effects on HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 1.35 to 1.2g/l. The researchers further established that cytotoxic action is apoptotic rather than necrotic, and so this activity might be related to flavonoid contents in the leaves³⁷.

3.9 Larvicidal and chemosterilant activity:

The seed of A. mexicana Linn was collected, shade dried and powdered. Higher mortality was seen at test concentrations from 25 to 200ppm, showing their toxic effect on the insect. At a lower concentration, 10ppm, mortality was higher (24%) in the experiment conducted under field condition than laboratory (10%) and the LC50 values were 13.58 and 17.43ppm under field and laboratory conditions respectively using Acalypha indica and by using Pergularia extensa³⁸.

CONCLUSION:

This present article is a compile of A.mexicana research data on its phytochemistry and pharmacology and its various therapeutic potential. Argemone mexicana is a well-known medicinal plant used in several ethno medicinal treatments mainly for skin disease, inflammation, and warts, tumour, malaria, jaundice, rheumatism, leprosy and microbial infections. The plant consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, long-chain aliphatic alcohol, amino acids, carboxylic acid, steroids, carbohydrates and phenolics. The pharmacological studies performed on the plant revealed that the plant tends to posses antioxidant, wound healing activity, antifungal, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, larvicidal and chemosterilant activity. From the present study it can be concluded that detailed information given in this review about the various pharmacological and pytochemical properties of the plant provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different medicinal ways for betterment of mankind.

REFERENCE:

1. Devi PB, Bagyalakshmi KR, Gayathri S. A Review on Significance of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Alpinia galanga and their Combined Effects. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2019;12(5):2577-83.doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00433.5

2. Dibyajyoti S, Swati P. Pharmacognostic studies of aerial parts of methanolic extract of Plumbago indica L. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;2(3):88-90. doi: 10.52711/2231-5659

3. Swati P, Dibyajyoti S, Srikanta Chowdhury.Pharmacognostic studies of aerial parts of methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;2(3):101-103. doi: 10.5958/2231–5713

4. Telkar SN, Veerashekar T, Kuppast IJ, Dcosta D. Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Argemone mexicana. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2018;10(3):105-8. doi: 10.5958/2231–5713

5. Ibrahim HA, Ibrahim H. Phytochemical screening and toxicity evaluation on the leaves of Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae). International Journal of Applied Sciences.2009; 3:39-43.

6. Taur DJ, Patil RY. Some medicinal plants with antiasthmatic potential: a current status. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2011; Oct 1; 1(5): 413-8.doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60091-9

7. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Nayar SL. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants: Grundwerk. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, 1956; vol.3: p-23.

8. Brahmachari G, Gorai D, Roy R. Argemone Mexicana: chemical and pharmacological aspects. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2013 Jun; 23(3): 559-67.doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000021

9. Sharanappa R, Vidyasagar GM. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Argemone mexicana Linn. A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014; Vol 6, Issue 7: p-45-53.

10. Sagar S. Dalvi, Pratiksha R. Khairnar, Akanksha V. Awari. “Review on Argemone Mexicana: Multipurpose Role in Management of Human Health”. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts.2021 Dec 12; vol.9: p-23-48.

11. C.H. Bosch, PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands.

12. Moore M. Los Remedios: Traditional Herbal Remedies of the Southwest. UNM Press; 2008 Sep 16.

13. Willcox ML, Graz B, Falquet J, Diakite C, Giani S, Diallo D. A “Reverse Pharmacology” approach for developing an anti-malarial phytomedicine. Malaria Journal. 2011 Dec; 10(1): 1-0.doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S8

14. Borrell, B. Drug Developers Take a Second Look at Herbal Medicines. Scientiﬁc American. 2014, 310 (6): 64–9.doi: 10.1038/scientiﬁcamerican0614-64.

15. Willcox ML, Graz B, Falquet J, Sidibé O, Forster M, Diallo D. Argemone Mexicana decoction for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007 Dec 1; 101(12): 1190-8.doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.05.017

16. Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG "Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017;8: 518.doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00518

17. Chaudhuri RH, Pal DC, Tarafder CR. Less known uses of some plants from the tribal areas of Orissa. Nelumbo-The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India. 1975; 17(1-4): p-132-6.doi: 10.20324/nelumbo/v17/1975/75788

18. Priya CL, Rao KV. Ethnobotanical and current ethnopharmacological aspects of Argemone mexicana Linn: an overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2012 Jul 1; 3(7): 2143-48.doi 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.

19. Kushtwar RS, Anurag D. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of aerial part of Argemone MexicanaLinn. International Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research. 2016; 5:234-38.

20. Madhagi WA, Alraboai SA, Alhassani S, Alkhawlany A, Noman NM, Mohamed K. The antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of yemeni Argemone MexicanaLinn. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016; 2(4):22-6

21. Perumal P, Sekar V, Rajesh V, Gandhimathi S, Kumar RS, Nazimudin KH. In vitro antioxidant activity of Argemone mexicana roots. International Journal PharmTech Research. 2010; 2:1477-82.

22. Dash GK, Murthy PN. Evaluation of Argemone Mexicana Linn. Leaves for wound healing activity. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resource. 2011; 1(1):46-56.

23. Saravanan R, Senthilkumar K, Dhachinamoorthi D, Mahesh UP, Krishna VG, Pavani VK. Evaluation of wound healing and anti-microbial activity of the Argemone mexicana Linn (papaveraceous). Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017 Jun 1;10(6): 852.doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00159.7

24. Kushtwar RS, Tripathy S. Study on antifungal activity of aerial part of Argemone mexicana Linn. World Journal of Pharmaceutical research. 2017 Mar 31;6(6):1025-31.doi:10.20959/wjpr20176-8558

25. Shyam Prasad G, Dhanapal R. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic Extract of Argemone mexicana leaves. International Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2010; 1(2):64-7.

26. Bais Y, Chaudhari SB, Belani S, Umarkar AR. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of plant leaf Argemone mexicana. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2013 Jan; 3(1): 41-5.doi: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.621.626.

27. Singh A, Jain D, Upadhyay MK, Khandelwal N, Verma HN. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Argemone mexicana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Digest Journal Nanomaterial Biostructure. 2010 Jul; 5(2): 483-9.doi: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0002 10.

28. Khade KA. Report on antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Argemone mexicana Linn. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research. 2015; 3: 1-7.doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(10). 6653-59

29. Bhat SH, Shrivastava R, Malla MY, Iqbal M, Anjum T, Mir AH, Sharma M. Hepatoprotective activity of Argemone mexicana Linn against toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride in rats. World Journal Pharmaceutical Research. 2014 Feb 9; 3(3):4037-48.

30. Adam SI, Idris IA, Abdelgadir EH, Ahmed RH, Kamal EE. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Argemone mexicana aerial Part Extracts on CCL_4 induced liver damage in wistar rats. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2011 Nov 25; 2(5):251-6.

31. Ibrahim HA, Umar MA, Bello BA, Aliyu A, Ahmad A. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies on the roots Argemone mexicana Linn (Family: Papaveraceae). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science. 2016;11(3):92-5.doi:10.9790/3008-1103049295

32. Sourabie TS, Ouedraogo N, Sawadogo WR, Nikiema JB, Guissou IP, Nacoulma OG. Biological evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae) aqueous leaf extract. International Journal Pharmaceutical Scientific Research. 2012; 3(9):451-8.

33. Rahman MM, Alam MJ, Sharmin SA, Rahman MM, Rahman A, Alam MF. In vitro antibacterial activity of Argemone mexicana L (Papaveraceae). Chiang Mai University Journal Natural Science. 2009; 8:77-84.

34. Singh SK, Pandey VD, Singh A, Singh C. Antibacterial activity of seed extracts of Argemone mexicana L. on some pathogenic bacterial strains. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;8(24).

35. Shyam Prasad G, Dhanapal R. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolicExtract of Argemone mexicana leaves. International Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2010; 1(2):64-7.

36. Prabhakaran D, Senthamilselvi MM, Rajeshkanna A. Anticancer activity of Argemone mexicana L. (flowers) against human liver cancer (HEPG2) cell line. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Clinical Research. 2017; 10:351.doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20744

37. Gali K, Ramakrishnan G, Kothai R, Jaykar B. In vitro anticancer activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Argemone mexican Linn. International Journal of PharmTech Research.2011 Sep; 3(3):1329-33.

38. Sakthivadivel M, Thilagavathy D. Larvicidal and chemosterilant activity of the acetone fraction of petroleum ether extract from Argemone mexicana L. seed. Bioresource Technology. 2003 Sep 1; 89(2):213-6. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00038-5

Received on 13.05.2022 Modified on 03.08.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(1):27-32.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00005