INTRODUCTION:

Tephrosia purpurea, which is also known as ''Sarapunkha'', ''Purple tephrosia'' in Sanskrit and English respectively. It belongs to the family of Fabaceae. This plant shows variety of therapeutic activity and impart medical values of great potential. There are around 400 species of Tephrosia genus comprising both annual and perennial herbs that are found in tropical and subtropical area around the globe.¹. In India it has abundance in western region of Himalayas and upper region of Gangetic plain. In india it is grown in fields of paddy like green manure whereas in other countries instead of

paddy field it is grown in tobacco and rubber field. All kind of soil ranging from loamy to sandy is suitable for the cultivation of this herb. In countries like India and South Africa it is utilized as fodder in flowering whereas in Australia it is known to cause livestock poisoning. It is also used as fuel in northern India. Laxatives and tonic properties are seen in every part of the plant. This traditional medicine is great source of antioxidant and it is also found widely that might make it a good candidate for novel drug development.² There is no mention of T. purpurea in Indian Vedic literature and not even in ayurvedic text like Caraka Samhita. Though three references were found in Susruta Samhita and a text of third century Vagbhata's Astanga Hridaya. Moreover, between 8 to10 A.D T. purpurea was named as Nighantus and was used in treatment of splenomegaly. It was also referred as Pliha-Asatru (enemy of the enlarged spleen). There was mention of T.purpurea in Raja Nighantu whereas nothing has been mentioned about it in Dhanwantari Nighantu. There are many synonyms of T.purpurea such as Cracca purpurea L., Tephrosia wallichii Grah. ex Fawc. and Rendle, Tephrosia diffusa (Roxb.) Wight and Arn.³According to Ayurvedic literature, it was also termed as ' 'Sarwa wran vishapah' which means that it has the property of healing all types of wounds. ⁴ Preparations used to liver disorder like Tephroli and Yakrifit also contains T.purpurea.^5,6 Phytochemical investigations on Tephrosia purpurea indicates the presence of carbohydrates, flavanones chalcones, protein, rotenoids, amino acid, glycosides, tannins, saponins, isoflavones, terpenes, , alkaloids, flavanols, and sterols ^7,8. T. purpurea contains flavonoids abundantly and has importance in traditional systems of medicine. As Flavonoids has pharmacological effectiveness and it has chemical stability, it is very important to know about the seasonal behavior it imparts. Flavonoids is an inducer of enzyme system of human body that ultimately act as protection. They impart activities such as antioxidant and free radical scavenger. They also acts as protective against various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, viral diseases, age-related diseases and bacterial diseases as well. It is also effective against cancer. All these activities can be attributed to their antioxidant and free radical scavenger property.⁹ Free radicals are produced in the body during different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. To have a proper physiological homeostasis a balance between free radicals and antioxidants is must.

When there is excessive production of free radicals that body cannot manage then that condition is called oxidative stress. Oxidative stress leads to various diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, arthritis, as it causes cellular damage.¹⁰ Antioxidants protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species by neutralizing the damaging effects of free radicals, such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite.^3,11 Hence this review study was framed to its perspectives, plants profile, marketed formulations, traditional uses and pharmacological functions of the plant as it is commonly used as medicines both human as well as animals.

Botanical Description^12,13,15

T. purpurea grows erect and spread manner. It either annual or short-lived perennial, herb in some cases it is bushy. It grows between 40 to 80 cm tall, stem of the plant are slender is decumbent at the base.

Figure: 1 Whole plant images of Tephrosia purpurea herb.

Botanical Name: Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) pers.

Other Species: Cracca purpurea L., Tephrosia diffusa (Roxb.,)., Tephrosia lanceifolia.

Common Name: Fish Poison, Wild Indigo, Purple Tephrosia

Plant Form: Herb

Taxonomy: Kingdom – Plantae, Subkingdom – Tracheobionta, Division – Magnoliophyta,Class – Magnoliopsida, Subclass – Rosidae, Order – Fabales, Family – Fabaceae,Genus – Tephrosia, Species – purpurea

Varnecular Name: Bengali: Bannilgach,Gujarati: Ghodakan, Hindi: Sarphonk, Sharpunkha, Kannada: Empali, koggili, phanike, Rajasthani: Masa, Gujarati: Unhali, Sanskrit: Sharpunkha, Telugu name: Vempali Chettu, Tamil: Kattukolincai, Kannada: Phanike, Empali, Koggili, Vajaranili, Malyalam: Kolinnil, Kattamari, Koluva, Kottikolinnil, Marathi: Unhali, Chhattisgarhi: Meghapatti.

Habitat and Distributions: T. purpurea is a herb that grows erect that is either grows annually or short lived perennial with slender stem with a length of around 40-80 cm and having decumbent base. T. purpurea originated from the Indian subcontinent and China. It is found in tropical regions. In places like Java It is seen growing naturally in areas such as grassy fields, roadside, ridges, waste places, and thickets.

In Hawaii, it is been found growing near the seashore. It can grow at sea level as well as at an altitude of 400m, sometimes it is even found at an altitude of 1300 m. It preferably grows in soils that are dry, gravelly, rocky or sandy. In India specifically in Madras it was seen growing in loamy soils. It can also adapt to saline-sodic soil conditions.^14,15

Leaves: Leaves of the plant are compound (imparipinnate) having free triangular shaped lateral stipules and rachis with length up to 14.5 cm long and length of leaflets is between 5-25 mm long, shape ranges from obovate to narrowly elliptical, size of terminal leaflet is (7-28) mm × (2-11) mm, acute at base, apex rounded to emarginate, venation reticulate unicostate.

Flowers: Flowers of the plant have fascicles of 4-6mm and pedicel 2-6 mm in length and length of flower is around 4-8.5 mm. It is found in purplish to white colour. It is bisexual with symmetrical zygomorphic, hypogynous characteristics. Calyx-bell shaped gamosepalous, persistent, with unequal 4 toothed, and inside it has pubescent teeth.

Inflorescences: Inflorescence contains either axillary or leaf-opposed pseudoraceme, basal leaf-like bracts are seen. Flowers are found in the fascicles of 4-6; bracteoles are usually not present; length of pedicel is around 2-6 mm. moreover length of flower is around 4-8.5 mm. Colour of inflorescene is purplish to white; calyx are campanulated and persistent with cup having the dimensions 1.4-2.3 mm x 1.5-3.2 mm. It has unequal 4-toothed pubescent teeth is present inside. Shape is ovate and dimensions are 3.5-7.3 mm x 5-10 mm. It is clawed having wings of 2.5-6 mm x 1.5-3.8 mm, and vexillary side is auricled. It also possess clawed keel of dimension 2.2- 4.5 mm x 2-3 mm vexillary side auricled. There are 10 stamens and stamina tube having length of 4-6 mm. The filaments are arranged alternatively as longer and shorter. Free part is found to be 3.5 mm of length. Vexillary filament are free at base are connated at halfway having a length of 5-8 mm and style has a length upto 4.5 m, upper half is glabrous and the stigmas are penicillated around the base.^3,12,16

Fruits: Fruits of T. purpurea are large and 2-12 cm long, very densely villous or tomentose.

Seeds: Seed are rectangle in shape which are transversely ellipsoid, size is around 2.5-5 mm x 1.8-3 mm, and the color varies from light brown to black, mottled and even dark brown.

Root: They are cylindrical, tapering, possess characteristic odor, brownish yellow color and having complex bitter taste

Air requirements: It is adaptive to poor quality of air found in urban areas conditions.

Watering requirement: Moderate. Requirement of sun varies from full sun to having full shade. Sun requirement: full sun to full shade.

Flowering time: July-December

Fruiting time: July-December^8,12

Plant parts used: Root, Leaves, Bark, and seed.

Traditional use: The whole plant is used to treat conditions like jaundice and hepatomegaly. The plant has many other properties such as it is bitter and acts as an astringent. It is acrid and thermogenic with potency as an anthelmintic. It also acts as great digestive and also imparts laxative activity. It also acts as a diuretic as well as uterine tonic. It shows anti-inflammatory activity also. Moreover, it shows properties such as deobstruent depurative, styptic, alexiteric, alterant and antipyretic. The roots and seeds have shown properties such insecticidal, vermifugal piscicidal. The roots are used in conditions such as stomachalgia, inflammations, elephantiasis, skin diseases, dyspepsia, flatulence, scrofula, hemorrhoids, asthma, bronchitis, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, verminosis, strangury, dysmenorrhoea chronic fever, boils, pimples, odontalgia, and gingivitis. The leaves have shown usefulness in treatment of dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, pectoral diseases, jaundice, syphilis, gonorrhea, and bruises. The seeds are found to be effective useful in skin ailment as well as in rat poisoning. Root is taken in diarrhea. In ailment related to liver, spleen, breast, bronchitis, gonorrhea, asthma, tumors, ulcers and piles decoction made from dried plant is administered. It is also a blood purifier. The seed is used in abortion and flavoring milk. According to ethnomedicines smoking of T. purpurea gives great relief in conditions like cough and cold. In case poisoning due to rodent bite powdered form of T. purpurea seed along with buttermilk is used. In traditional treatment swelling of abdominal is effectively treated when T. purpurea in kshara form is taken with powder of Terminalia chebula. Wounds which were old and dirty that can be treated water of rice having T.pupurea roots in it. Splenomegaly gets treated when roots of the plant chewed or administered along with butter. It is used as an anthelminitics for children in Sri Lanka.^17-23

Chemical Constituents ^27-31

Figure: 2 Chemical constituents of Tephrosia purpurea

An Ayurvedic product from Tephrosia purpurea

Ayurvedic medicine has taken the support of natural products like herbs that helps in betterment of liver which is required in daily basis. From the emergence of human civilization, medicinal plant had been used for therapeutic purpose. The source of medicinal product has always been nature. Many modern drugs has also originated from natural sources. A major role has been played by traditional medicines in use of herbal medicine.²⁴

Yakrit Phihantak churna²⁵

Sharpunkha herb is found in formulation of yakrit phihantak churna. This herbal product is very useful for liver disorders. It detoxificaties of the liver. Enhances the bile production and excretion. Moreover, it stimulates regeneration of cells of liver and also provides the relief in the enlargement of inflammation of the liver.

Parts used: Root, whole plant

Dosage: 3-5gram powder and 10-20ml juice.

Table No.1 Some of the marketed products containing T. purpurea for clinical use²⁴

S.N.	Product	Manufactured by	*Form and Content of Tephrosia purpurea* Extract**	Uses
1.	G-LIV-D.S Syrup	Morpheme Remedies	Syrup contains 200mg/200ml	Liver corrective and restorative
2.	Stimuliv	Franco India Limited	Sugar coated tablet contains 100mg	For supportive treatment in viral hepatitis, drug-induced and alcoholic hepatitis
3.	Dilapsin	Solumiks	100mg/tablet, 100 mg/ml syrup	Digestive, improves appetite, relieves flatulence
4.	Safi	Hamdard Laboratories	Syrup contain 18.06mg/5ml	Skin disease like acne vulgaris, skin rashes and blemishes, boils
5.	Vimliv fortified Syrup	Solumiks herbaceutical product	25mg/5ml of syrup	Comprehensive liver tonic
6.	Vasuliv Syrup	Vasu Pharmaceuticals	12mg/10ml syrup 360mg/tablet	Liver corrective and protective
7.	Hibril oil	Vital care Pvt. Ltd.	1% Hair Oils	Relieves stress and provides the cooling effect, induce sleep
8.	Janduna capsules	Ajmera Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd.	The capsule contains 50 mg	UT infection expels urinary stones, relieves burning micturition, UT anti-infective
9.	Livina syrup	Deys medicals stores Mfg. Ltd.	50mg/tablet, 100mg/5ml syrup	Hepatitis due to virus, jaundice
10.	Stomyne capsules	Eisen Pharmaceuticals Co Pvt. Ltd	50mg/capsule	UT infection, UT anti- infective
11.	Tefroliv	TTK HEALTHCARE LTD.	60mg/5ml syrup, 120mg/tablet	Acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis
12.	New livfit	NFL	Syrup	Management of Hepatitis B in end-stage renal disease
13.	Livex	Ban	Drops, syrup, tablet, capsule contain 5mg in syrup and capsule	Liver corrective, protective and regenerative
14.	Hepjaun	S.G Phytopharma Pvt. Ltd.	Syrup, capsule	Hepatitis and jaundice

Other Health Benefits of Tephrosia pupurea

It provides several advantages over

· The ayurvedic research studied shows properties like antihelmintic, alexiteric, alternative and antipyretic is found in this plant.

· tephrosin” is found in seeds and leaf of plant paralyzes the fish. That is why it act as fish poison.

· The root powder is used in brushing teeth where it is said to quickly relieve dental pain and stop bleeding in gum.

· An extract has 'betaphrolin' it helps to release of endorphins and it also find place in in certain cosmetic preparation .²⁶

Table No. 2 Pharmacological Activities of Tephrosia purpurea

S.N.	Part used	Extract	Models/ Methods	Activity
1.	Aerial part	Ethanolic extract	Fresh hepatocytes Wistar–albino rats	Hepatoprotective activity³²
2.	Whole plant without (Root)	Methanolic extract	Agar dilution assay, microbroth dilution assay, H. Pylori culture	Anti-helicobacter³³ Pylori activity
3.	Whole plant	Ethanolic extract	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, Cotton pellet granuloma model	Antiinflammatory activity³⁴
4.	Leaves	Aqueous and ethanolic extracts	Ferric reducing Antioxidant power (frap), radical scavenging assay (dpph – RSA)	Estimation of flavonoid, polyphenolic Content and in-vitro antioxidant activity³⁵
5.	Whole plant	Alcoholic extract	Mcf 7 Cell lines	Anticancer activity³⁶
6.	Leaves	Methanolic extract	Yeast-induced pyrexia model	Anti-pyretic activity³⁷
7.	Whole plant	Ethanolic extract	Swiss albino mice, rodents	Acute and subacute oral toxicity evaluation³⁸
8.	Whole plant	Methanolic extract	Castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice	Anti-diarrheal activity³⁹
9.	Whole plant	Methanolic extract	Isolated rabbit jejunum preparations	Spasmolytic, bronchodilator and vasorelaxant activity⁴⁰
10.	Leaves	Ethanolic extract	Gentamicin-induced acute renal injury in albino rats.	Nephrotoxicity activity⁴¹
11.	Leaves	Methanolic Extracts	Cup-plate agar Diffusion method	Antimicrobial activity⁴²
12.	Leaves	Aqueous extract	Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay	Antimicrobial activity⁴³
13.	Aerial part	Methanolic extract	DPPH radical scavenging assay, assay of lipid peroxidation	Free radical scavenging activity⁴⁴
14.	Aerial part	Hydro-alcoholic extract	Arsenic Induced toxicity in rats	Hepatoprotective activity⁴⁵
15.	Whole plant	Aqueous extract	Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in Rats	Cardiovascular complications and cataract associated with streptozotocin-induced diabetes⁴⁶
16.	Aerial part	Ethyl acetate	Wistar albino rats, dead space wound model, burn wound model	Wound healing activity⁴⁷
17.	Seed	Aqueous Extract	HRBC Membrane stabilization and protein denaturation method	Anti-Inflammatory activity⁴⁸
18.	Whole plant	Ethanolic extract	DPPH radical scavenging assay	Antioxidant activity⁴⁹
19.	Whole plant	Ethanolic extract	Sprague Dawley rats	Diabetes activity⁵⁰
20.	Whole plant	Methanolic extracts	DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric Reducing antioxidant power (frap), reducing power assay and antihemolytic assay, (mtt) assay	Antioxidant and cytotoxic potential⁵¹
21.	Leaves and root	Methanolic extracts	Hepg2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells	Anti-proliferative activity⁵²
22.	Root	Ethanolic extract	Wistar male albino rats	Anti-urolithiasis activity⁵³
23.	Whole plant	Alcoholic extract	Sprague Dawley rats	Diabetic cataract activity⁵⁴
24.	Stem	Methanolic extracts	Carrageenan-induced method	Anti-inflammatory activity⁵⁵
25.	Stem	Ethanolic extract	Maximal electroshock-induced seizures (mes) and pentylenetetrazole (ptz) induced Seizures in Mice	Anticonvulsant activity⁵⁶
26.	Stem	Methanolic extracts	CCl induced hepatotoxicity in rats.	Hepatoprotective activity⁵⁷
27.	Stem	Ethanolic extract	Gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity in rats	Nephroprotective activity⁵⁸
28.	Whole plant	Methanolic extracts	Gram-positive, gram-negative and few fungal strains	Antimicrobial activity⁵⁹
29.	Whole plant	N‐butanol extract	Langur monkeys (presbytis entellus)	Antileishmanial activity⁶⁰
30.	Whole plant	Methanolic extracts	Microbroth dilution assay	Antimicrobial activity⁶¹
31.	Aerial part	Ethanolic extract	Humoral antibody (ha) response, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, macrophage phagocytosis by carbon clearance method	Immunomodulatory activity⁶²
32.	Root	Aqueous extract	Pylorus ligation-induced model, ethanol-induced model.	Antiulcer activity⁴
33.	Root	Ethanolic extract	Hamster buccal pouch carcinoma	Anticarcinogenic and anti-lipid peroxidative effects⁶³
34.	Whole plant	Hydroalcoholic extract	Streptozotocin in the rat model	Antidiabetic activity⁶⁴
35.	Whole plant	Hydroalcoholic extract	Elevated plus-maze (epm), elevated zero-maze (ezm), y-maze and hole-board models	Anxiolytic activity⁶⁵
36.	Aerial/root part	Ethanolic extract	Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model.	Antiarthritic activity⁶⁶
37.	Root	Aqueous extracts	Estimation of serum alanine transaminase (alt) and aspartate transaminase (AST)	Antihepatotoxic activity⁶⁷
38.	Root	Methanolic extract	Cup plate method	Analgesic and antimicrobial effect⁶⁸
39.	Leaves	Ethanolic extract	Gentamicin-induced Acute renal injury in albino rats	Acute renal failure activity⁶⁹
40.	Aerial part	Hydro-alcoholic	Serum enzyme estimation	Ameliorative activity⁷⁰
41.	Aerial part	Ethanolic extract	Incision, excision and dead space wound model	Wound healing activity¹⁷

CONCLUSION:

As per World Health Organization in developing countries 80% of population still rely on medicines that are plant based. Hence it becomes very much important to have proper investigation of the knowledge related to traditional medicine so that they can be validated and standardize for use. There are more than 400 species of flowering plant under thegenus Tephrosia found around the globe. The present review paper focuses on exploring and providing the information pertaining to valuable therapeutic potential, importance, recent advances, marketed formulations, and its complete profiling. Phytochemicals investigation on Tephrosia purpurea contains of various phytoactive constituent like glycosides, rotenoids, isoflavones, flavanones etc. Due presence of abundant quantity of flavonoids, this plant shows varied pharmacological activities. In addition to phytochemicals namely purpurin, tephrosin, karanjin, pongamol, etc, which were isolated from T. purpurea, it also conmtains new phytochemicals that belongs to flavonoids such as prenylated flavonoids which are rarely found. A novel flavonoids has been recently investigated along with polyphenols. This plant serves as antimicrobial, wound healing, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, Immunomodulatory activities etc.

It also has traditional properties such as it is bitter and act as astringent. It is also acrid and thermogenic and act as anthelmintic and digestive. It also impart activities such as laxative, anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, uterine tonic. Moreover it also act as styptic, alexiteric deobstruent, alterant and antipyretic etc. Therefore, T. purpurea can be a potential plant of choice on which future researches can be done, and that will draw interest of research scholars related to drug discovery of pharmacology.

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Received on 18.07.2022 Modified on 30.08.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(4):281-287.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00049