INTRODUCTION:

From ancient times without memory, humanity has been heavily indebted to nature to take care of their health, skin and hair, as natural ingredients that can prevent, protect and repair. A cosmetic store, nature offers flexible natural ingredients that enhance the beauty of skin and hair. Hair is one of the outer barometers of the inner body. Shampoo is a common method of hair treatment. The main function of the shampoo is to clean the hair needed due to excess sebum, dust, skin debris etc.

The composition of various shampoos is associated with hair quality, hair care practice and certain problems such as oily, dandruff and androgenic hair treatment. alopecia. Shampoos are liquid, cream or gel as preparations. The consistency of the preparation depends on the incorporation of traditional soaps containing glycerides and alcohol containing natural oils or synthetic or thickening agents (e.g., amber, resin and PEG). Indian women use herbs such as shikkakai and reetha which are natural cleansing agents without any harmful effects. Today natural resources are always a major attractioncompared to artificial, so herbal shampoos are more popular with the consumer compared to synthetic.¹

A shampoo is a preparation of a water-based conditioner - liquid, solid or powder - which when used under certain conditions removes excess oil, dirt and skin debris from the hair shaft without seriously affecting the user.

Ideal characters of shampoo:

· It should effectively and completely remove dust, excess sebum.

· You should wash your hair thoroughly.

· More foam should be produced

· The shampoo should be easily removed by washing with water.

· They should leave the hair dry, soft, shiny and manageable.

· You must give the hair a pleasant smell.

· It should not make the hand rough and cracked.

· It should not cause side effects or cause irritation to the skin or eyes.

Composition of shampoo:

· The main surfactant

· Second surfactant

· Antidandruff

· Conditioning agents

· Pearlescent agents

· Carriers

· Fluid agents

· Colors, perfumes and preservatives.

Surfactants:

The main components of the shampoo. Especially anionic surfactants are used. The ingredients used in shampoo making are Principal surfactants: provide detergency and foam.

Second surfactants:

Improved cleansing, foam and hair condition.

Conditioning agents:

Lanolin, mineral oil, fenugreek, herbal extracts, egg yolk henna.

Foam makers: shikakai.

Viscosity Adjustors:

Electrolytes: NH4Cl, NaCl

Natural gums: Gum karaya, tragacanth, alginates

Cellulose extract: Hydroxy ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose

Carboxy vinyl polymers: Carbopol 934

Others: PVP, phosphate esters.

Filter agents: EDTA

Opacifying agents:

Alkanol amides of high fat, propylene glycol, Mg, Ca and Zn salt stearic acid, spermaceti, etc.

Specification of alcohols:

Ethanol, isopropanol Phospahates

Non-ionic solubilizers:

Polyethoxyated alcohols, esters.

Fragrances:

Fragrances, fruit or flowers.

Preservatives:

Methyl and propyl paraben, formaldehyde

Anti dandruff agents: Shikakai, neem, thulasi

Types of shampoos :

· Liquid shampoo

· Strong cream shampoo

· Gel shampoo

· Powder shampoo

· Lubrication shampoo

· Aerosol foam shampoo

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

All plant material was collected in an authorized herbal garden and identified and certified by a botanist who collected the plant parts was processed and stored under specified conditions All plant materials such as Alfalfa, Heena, Bhringraj, Coffee, Lavander essential oil, Linseed, Amla was collected at an Ayurvedic store, and the rest such as Xanthan gum and Neem were collected in and around Hydrabad.

Parts of the collected plants were washed with tap water and dried in the shade. Dried dried material was powdered and stored in an airtight container for use and the purpose for use in herbal shampoo and its details are given in the table below.

Table No.1 List of Items and Categories

Sr. No	Common name	Botanical name	Parts used	Category
1	Ritha	Sapindus mukorosis	Fruits	Detergent
2	liquorice	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Stolon	Detergent
3	Bengal gram	Cicerarientinum	seeds	Hair growth agent
4	Brahmi	Centella asciatica	Leaves	Hair tonic agent
5	Green gram	Vignaratiata	Beans	Antidandruff agent
6	Banana	Musaacuminat	roots	Coloring agent
7	pomegranat	Punica granatun	Seed	Antidandruff agent
8	Hibiscus	Hibiscus rosasinensis	leaves	Hair growth promoter
9	Marigold	Calendula officinalis	Flower	conditioner
10	Lemon	Citrus limon	Fruit	Preservative
11	Neem	Azardicta indica	Leaves	Antibacterial and coolant agent

Preparation of shampoo:

Accurately 50grams of all powdered crude drugs were taken, extracted with distilled water at below 60 0C individually. Aqueous extracts of all the crude drugs were measured and mixed in required quantities as shown in the table 02. Developed shampoo was stored in a suitable container and used for further evaluations ^{1, 2, 3}

Table 2: different formulation of herbal antidandruff shampoo

Ingredients	F1	F2	F3	F4
Musa acuminate	2ml	2ml	2ml	2ml
Centella asiatica	3ml	3ml	4ml	5ml
Vigna radiat	4ml	5ml	5ml	6ml
Cicer arientinum	3ml	5ml	6ml	5ml
Punica granatum	4ml	4ml	5ml	6ml
Calendula officinalis	2ml	2ml	2ml	2ml
Hibiscus rosasinensis	2ml	2ml	2ml	2ml
Glycyrrhiza glabra	3ml	5ml	5ml	5ml
Sapindus mukorosis	6ml	8ml	9ml	10ml
Citrus limon	1ml	1ml	1ml	1ml

Evaluation of prepared shampoo Physical appearance/visual inspection: Developed formulation was evaluated for their clarity, color and odour. All evaluations were reported and discussed. Determination of pH: Developed formulation was diluted using distilled water to prepare a sample with 10 % concentration. The prepared sample was checked for pH using a digital pH meter at room temperature 30±2°C Determination of percentage solids contents: A clean dry china dish was weighed and added with 4 grams of shampoo.

The dish with shampoo was weighed. The exact weight of the shampoo was calculated. The china dish with shampoo was placed on the hot plate until the liquid portion was evaporated. The weight after drying was calculated. Measurement of viscosity: The viscosity of the shampoo was determined by using Brookfield Viscometer LVDV Prime-I. The viscosity of shampoo was measured at room temperature i.e. 30±2°C with varying rpm and torque.Surface tension measurement:

Dilute the shampoo using distilled water to fix 10% as concentration. Measurements were carried out using stalagmo-meter. Dip the flattened end of stalagmo-meter in to beaker containing sample of developed shampoo and suck it until the level reaches the mark. Fix that in the stand and allow the sample to run slowly from the mark. Count the number of drops formed when level of liquid reaches from A to B. Repeat the experiment with distilled water. The data was calculated using following equation,

Composition of Formulation:

Sr. No	Compound	L.F (% w/v)
1)	Eclipta Alba	15
2)	Medicogo Sativa	10
3)	Lawsonia Inerms	10
4)	Coffea	5
5)	Lavandula Angustifolia	5
6)	Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate	20
7)	Linium Usitatissimum	0.15
8)	Xanthomonas Compestris	1
9)	Citrus Lemon	q.s
10)	Ambila Officinale	100ml
11)	Azardicta Indica	5
12)	Perfume	q.s

Shampoo formulation:

Ali Heyam Saad and Rasool Bazigha Kadhim reported the development of low-maintenance self-healing shampoo concentration of the cleaning machine using the leaves of Ziziphus spina cristi by emphasizing safety and efficiency. An organoleptic, physicochemical and functional experimental test was performed and compared with a commercially available product and considered safe.³ Sachin Dubey et al. created two herbal preparations a shampoo that uses some common traditional medicines such as bahera, amla, neem tulasi, shikakai henna and brahmi and has been tested for organoleptic, powder properties, foam tests and physical examination and is considered safe.⁴

Sutar Manisha et al. make a polyherbal shampoo using amla fruit, hibiscus leaf, neem leaf, shikakai fruit, aloe vera leaf, henna leaf, ritha fruit and organoleptic test, powder properties, dispersion of impurities, watering time, foam testing and physical examination are also considered safe.⁵

Gholamreza Dehghan et al. create an herbal conditioner shampoo that uses fenugreek methanol seeds extract and evaluate physicochemical features. It concludes that the synthetic shampoo has a good quality to present in the market.⁶

Mohamed Halith et al. an herbal shampoo made using natural ingredients containing tulus and neem. Both have anti-dandrsuff action. Studies reveal that the anti-dandruff activity of Ocimum sanctum and Azadiracta indica against G + and G-organisms and fungal organisms.⁷

Swati Deshmukh et al. made herbal shampoo using aloevera, neem, shikakai, ritha, amla, brahmi and was tested and concluded to be safe.⁸

Naresh et al. make an herbal shampoo containing chamomile, rose and orange peel and sodium lauryl sulphate. The shampoo is tested to determine body limits and is considered safe.⁹

Syrian Prakash et al. made herbal shampoo for its anti-bacterial and anti-aphid activity. The natural ingredients used are neem leaf, thul leaf, mehandi leaf and gooseberry fruit. The modified structure was analyzed for your physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and lice control, compared to products on the market.¹

Nasrin aghel et al. creates an herbal shampoo that uses complete saponins of acanthophyllum squarrosum. The foam ability of the shampoo was tested in the Ross-Miles method and the cleaning power by Thompson's test.¹⁰

Testing for herbal shampoo:

Physical appearance / visual examination:

pH determination:

The pH of the 10% shampoo solution in pure water was determined at a temperature of 25° C3. Determine the percentage of solid content:

A clean dry steaming bowl was weighed and added 4 grams of shampoo to the evaporated container. The container and shampoo are rated. The exact weight of the shampoo is calculated only and the extracted container is soaked in shampoo and placed on a hot plate until half of the liquid evaporates. Only the weight of the shampoo (solid) after suspension is calculated.

Watering time:

The canvas was cut into 1-inch discs with an average weight of 0.44g. The disc floated on top of the 1% w / v shampoo solution and the stopwatch started. The time required for the disc to start sinking was accurately measured and marked as wetting time.

Rheological Examination:

The viscosity of the shampoos was determined using the Brookfield Viscometer (Model DV-l Plus, LV, USA) set at different spin speeds from 0.3 to 10 rpm3. The viscosity of the shampoos was measured using a spindle T95. The temperature and size of the sample container were kept unchanged during the study.

Dump Dispersion:

Two drops of extra shampoo in a large test tube contain 10 ml of distilled water. 1 drop of Indian ink; the test tube was blocked and moved ten times. The amount of ink in the foam is rated Anything, Easy, Medium, or Hard.

Cleaning Action:

5 grams of wool yarn is greased, after which it is added to 200 ml. water contains 1 gram of plant shampoo. The water temperature was maintained at 350C. The flask was shaken for 4 minutes at a rate of 50 times per minute. The solution was removed and the sample was extracted, dried and weighed. The amount of oil released is calculated.

Facial stiffness:

Measurements are made with 10% shampoo dilution in distilled water at room temperature. Thoroughly clean the stalagmometer using continuous acid and clean water. Because local tension is most affected by oils or other lubricants.

Cleaning Power:

Thompson's method was used to test the purification capacity of the samples. Briefly, wrinkled hair is washed with a 5% solution of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), then dried and divided into groups of 3g weights. Samples were suspended in a n-hexane solution containing 10% synthetic sebum and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then the samples were extracted, the solvent evaporated at room temperature and the sebum content was determined. In the next step, each sample was divided into two equal parts, one washed with 0.1ml of 10% test shampoo and the other considered negative control. After drying, the sebum formed in the samples was extracted at 20ml n-hexane and re-measured. Finally, the percentage of bath power is calculated.

Foam production and foam stability:

A cylinder motion was used to determine the force of foam. 50ml of 1% shampoo solution was placed in a 250 ml cylinder and covered with a cylinder by hand shaking ten times. The total amount of foam content after 1 minute movement was recorded. Foam volume is calculated only. Immediately after shaking the foam volume at intervals of 1 minute 4 minutes were recorded.

Skin sensitivity test:

Guinea pigs were divided into 7 groups (n = 3). On the last day of the test, the hair on the back of the Guinea pigs was removed. Shampoos are applied to the naked skin of group animals. A 0.8% v/v aqueous solution of formalin was used as a general irritant for the animal. Animals were treated with a new patch/formalin solution for up to 72 hours and finally the application areas were sorted according to the scores of visible scores, always the same searcher. The erythema scale was as follows: 0, none; 1, slightly; 2, well defined; 3, average; and 4, the formation of (severe) scars.

Eye irritation test:

Animals (albino rats) were collected from the zoo. About 1% of shampoo solutions were sprayed on the eyes of six albino rabbits with their eyes open and clips on the lid. Continuous damage to the rabbit's eyes was re-recorded periodically within a period of 4 seconds. Reactions to irritants may include swelling of the eyelid, swelling of the iris, ulcers, bleeding (bleeding) and blindness.

Character formation:

Surface hair morphology was tested by scanning electron microscopy (Leo 430, Leo Electron Microscopy Ltd., Cambridge, England). Hair samples are attached directly to the SEM stub of the sample, using double-sided sewing tape and covered with gold film (size 200nm) under reduced pressure (0.001mm Hg). Enlargement photomicrographs should be obtained to include the above character.

Sustainability lessons:

The thermal stability of the structure was assessed by placing it in glass tubes and placing it in a humid room at 45°C and 75% of the relative humidity. Their appearance and physique were tested for a period of 3 months over a period of one month.

The prepared structure was tested according to its clarity, foam production capacity and liquid. Testing for herbal powder shampoo

Melting:

Solubility is defined as the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent. One gram of powder is accurately weighed and transferred to a container containing 100ml of water. This was well stirred and warmed to increase melting. Then cooled and filtered, the remaining residue is measured and marked.

Loss of suspension:

Loss when stopped to lose weight expressed in percentage of m/m. Two grams of powder are accurately weighed and transferred to a dry Petri container. The Petri container is placed in a dessicator for 2 days over calcium chloride crystals. The powder was then taken and weighed accurately to obtain weight loss during drying.

Indication of inflammation:

An indication of inflammation is a dose of milliliters taken per gram of the drug, including any adhesive mucilage, after being swollen in water for 4 hours. Accurately measure 1g of powder and transfer it to a measuring glass lid with 25ml of water. Then stir well every 10 minutes for 1 hour. It is then stored for 3 hours at room temperature. Volume is measured in ml.

Rest angle:

It is defined as the maximum angle that can occur between piles of powder to a horizontal flow.

Ways:

i. The way it should be.

ii. Open cylinder mode - complete.

Funnel Route:

The required quality of the dried powder is taken to be placed at a height of 6 cm from the horizontal base. The powder was allowed to flow to form a pile on the paper in a horizontal plane. The length and radius of the powder were noted and recorded.

II Open cylinder mode - complete:

The required amount of dry powder is placed in an open cylindrical tube at both ends and placed on a horizontal surface. Then the panel has to be raised to form a pile. Height

and bulk radius is noted and recorded.

Overcrowding:

Bulk Density is the ratio between a given powder's weight and its bulk volume. The required amount of powder will be dried and filled in a 50ml measuring cylinder up to 50ml mark. The cylinder is then tossed into a solid wooden surface from a height of 1 inch at intervals of 2 seconds. Powder volume is measured. The powder is then weighed. This is repeated to get average values.

Foam guide:

One gram of powder was accurately measured and transferred to a 250ml conical flask containing 100ml of boiling water. Then gently warmed for 30 minutes, cooled and filtered and made a volume of 100ml in a standard volumetric flask. This release is taken from 10 trials tubes in a series of 1, 2, 3… .10ml series and the remaining volume made of water up to 10ml. Thereafter the test tubes are moved with a long motion for 15 seconds at a speed of 2 frequencies second. The tubes are then allowed to stand for 15 minutes. The foam height was measured.^3-
11

CONCLUSION:

Globalization is a modern necessity and the global market will be open to everyone in 2005. The world also focuses on health care products, health foods and cosmetic purposes including hair styling. India is rich in the cultivation and production of herbal medicines due to its different climatic conditions. The current paper emphasizes the composition, types, testing methods, and brief reviews of the composition of herbal shampoo.

REFERENCES:

1. Suriyprakash TNK, Caravan R, Lakshmana Prabu S, Sumathi A. Elixir Pharmacy 39; 2011: 4639-4642.

2. Design and testing of various cosmetic and dental products. Pharmacy. Pharmaquest.weebly.com/upload/9/9/4/2/9942916/formulation_evaluation_of_cosmetic_pdts.pdf

3. Ali Heyam Saad, Rasool bazigha Kadhim. Composition and development of herbal shampoo from Ziziphus spina leaves extracted. International Research Journal in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 2 (6); 2011: 1802-1806.

4. Sachin Dubey, Neelesh Nema, Nayak S. Repair and testing of herbal shampoo powder. Ancient Life Sciences 26 (1); 2004: 38-44.

5. Sutar Manisha, Deshmukh Swati, Chavan Manisha, Singh Sonia. Preparation and testing of polyherbal shampoo powder. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 392); 2013: 151-159.

6. Gholamreza Dehghan Noudeh, Fariba Sharififar, Payam Khazaeli, Ehsan Mohajeri, Javad Jahanbakhsh. Composition of herbal conditioner shampoo using fenugreek seed extract and testing of its physicochemical parameters. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5 (22); 2011: 2420-2427.

7. Mohamed Halith S, Abirami A, Jaya prakash S, Chitra Karthikeyini, Kulathuran K, Mohamed Firthouse PU. The effect of Ocimum sanctum and Azadiracta indica on the formation of herbal antidandruff herbal powder shampoo. Experimental Research Library 1 (2); 2009: 68-76.

8. Swati Deshmukh, Bindurani Kaushal, Shweta Ghode. Design and testing of herbal shampoo and comparative studies with herbal marketed shampoo. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3 (3); 2012: 638-645.

9. Naresh Gorantla, Sai Prasad K, Thimma Reddy VT, Ragadeepika J, Hajarabi T, Hindustan Abdul Ahad. Composition and testing of an herbal shampoo containing chamomile, rose and orange peel. Pharma Research Library: International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 1 (2); 2013: 192-197.

10. Nasrin Aghel, Eskandar Moghimipour, Azadeh Raies Dana. The composition of the herbal shampoo using the complete saponins of Acanthophyllum squarrosum. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 6 (3); 2007: 167-172.

11. Ashok Kumar, Rakesh Roshan Mali. Examination of shampoo formulation prepared and comparing shampoo formulated with commercial shampoos. International Journal of MedicineScientific Review and Research 3 (1); 2010: 120-127

Received on 06.05.2022 Modified on 19.05.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(3):179-184.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00032

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Antidandruff Shampoo