INTRODUCTION:

Pharmaceutical excipients that are commonly employed in tablet formulation to impact cohesion on powder mix and hence improve on the flow properties of the granules¹. Binders act by causing aggregation of powders thereby forming granules through the process of granulation. They modify the cohesive properties of the granules by promoting the formation of strong cohesive bonds between such particles². A majority of the investigations on natural excipients in drug delivery systems have centred on proteins and polysaccharides, due to their ability to produce a wide range of materials and properties according to molecular structural alterations³ Mucilages are very often used in various industries.

Vast application of plant Mucilages and gums in various industries is because oflow cost, ready availability and important properties which they confer on products.

Mucilage is a sticky substance used as an adhesive; it is also gummy substance obtained from certain plants. Mucilage is act as a membrane thickener and food reserve. Scientific and technically mucilage is a naturally occurring, high-molecular-weight (200,000 and up), organic plant product of unknown detailed structure.¹ Chemically, mucilage is closely allied to gums and pectin’s but differs in certain physical properties. Although gums swell in water to form sticky, colloidal dispersions and pectin gelatinize in water, mucilage form slippery, aqueous colloidal dispersions.² Mucilages occur in nearly all classes of plants in various parts of the plant, including marsh mallows and flaxes and certain seaweeds but it has relatively small percentages and other substances such as tannins and alkaloids. The chief industrial sources of Mucilages are linseed, locust bean, slippery elm bark, and quince seed.³ Mucilage is thick, glutinous substance, related to the natural gums, comprised usually of protein, polar glycoprotein, Exopolysaccharides, polysaccharides and uranides.⁴ Exopolysaccharides are the most stabilizing factor for micro aggregates and are widely distributed in soils. Therefore, Exopolysaccharides-producing "soil algae" play a vital role in the ecology of the world's soils. It is produced by most plant and some microorganisms. In the plant it sometimes serves to check the loss of water to aid germination, to facilitate seed dispersal, and to store food. It is used in medicine as an emollient and a demulcent. Mucilage is employed also as an adhesive, and the term is extended to include other slimy adhesives, especially solutions of gum, such as tragacanth mucilage.

Polymers are used as excipients for the progress of polymer-based drug delivery systems with the purpose of targeted drug delivery^2–9. Synthetic polymers have high physical, chemical, and mechanical stability but can cause cytotoxicity and are bio-incompatible¹⁰. Synthetic polymers have disadvantages, such as: poor adaptation to the patient’s body, high cost, and can also cause acute and chronic side effects, for example: poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can cause skin and eye irritation; povidone accumulates in the limbs at the injection site during subcutaneous injection and forms granulomas; animal studies have shown that carbomer-934P is toxic in oral consumption and the resulting dust has also caused allergic reaction in the eyes, mucous membranes and respiratory tract; and the use of polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution in subcutaneous injection has also caused anaemia. Other disadvantages of synthetic polymers used in tissue engineering include: low biocompatibility, release of acidic products during degradation that can cause systemic and local reactions, and rapid loss of mechanical strength¹¹. Recently, the utilization of natural polymers has increased^12–18. The use of natural plant-derived polysaccharides as excipients has increased in the pharmaceutical industry and can solve formulation problems and reduce the side effects of synthetic polymers^19,20.Natural polysaccharides are formed by their O-glycosidic linkages by binding monosaccharide residues together and are known as biopolymers²¹. Gums and Mucilages are among these excipients. They are widely used in the medicine and cosmetic industries and can also be modified for use in a variety of drug delivery systems²². These materials can be used in several pharmacological forms, for instance, control release systems, film-coating agents, nanoparticles, viscous liquid formulations such as ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, implants, etc. Gums and Mucilages are composed of many compounds, including polysaccharides. The resins and tannins in the gums are responsible for providing and delivering retardant properties to the dosage form and transmitting release inhibitory properties. Gums come from different parts of plants. The source of some gums may be the seed epidermis, or they may be extracted from the leaves and bark of plants²³. Gums are considered pathological substances and are caused by damage to the plant or disapproving conditions, such as breaking the cell wall. Acacia tragacanth and guar gum are samples of gums; gums dissolve easily in water¹¹. Mucilages are natural products of metabolism and are formed in the cell and do not dissolve easily in water. Mucilages are found in diverse parts of the plant. Mucilage is a thick, sticky substance produced by almost all plants and some microorganisms. Gums and Mucilages have certain similarities; both are plant hydrocolloids. They are also a mixture of clear amorphous polymers and monosaccharide polymers and are combined with uronic acid. Gums and mucilage’s contain hydrophilic molecules that can combine with water to form viscous or gel-like solutions. Advantages of using gums and mucilage’s in the pharmaceutical industry include: that they are biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, provide better tolerance to the patient and have fewer side effects, do not cause allergies in humans, do not irritate the skin or eyes, and have low production costs^11,24. However, the use of these materials is limited due to a series of disadvantages. They may have microbial contamination because the moisture content of gums and mucilage’s is typically 10% higher, and they are carbohydrate in structure. The amount of hydration in them may not be controlled. Additionally, in storage, their viscosity decreases due to contact with water. To eliminate these disadvantages and reduce the limitations, we can use nanosystems in drug delivery. Natural and synthetic nanoparticles, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and micelles, improve the stability and bioavailability, as well as the biological distribution of natural products. Nanosystems are able to deliver drugs to specific areas, so they can increase local drug concentrations and significantly reduce the adverse effects of drug uptake^25–30. Therefore, natural nanoformulations have attracted a lot of attention.

Mucilage is a polysaccharide mixture commonly found in various organs of many higher plant species. Due to its high variability in terms of chemical constituents, mucilage probably assumes a multitude of physiological functions in plants. It is found in rhizomes, roots and seed endosperms, where it may act primarily as energy reserves. Foliar mucilage also plays a role in wound responses NaCl treatment stimulated shoot growth and biomass accumulation had little effect on shoot and root water content, and reduced leaf water potential osmotic potential as well as stomatal conductance. Mucilage increased in shoot, stems and roots in response to salt stress. Furthermore, changes were also observed in neutral monosaccharide components. Levels of rhamnose and uronic acid increased with salinity. Staining with a 0.5% blue solution revealed the presence of mucopolyssacharides in xylem vessels and salt induced mucilaginous precipitates on the leaf as axial surface.

Generally, mucilage can be obtained from several plants or their different parts such as Aloe Vera, Salvia Hispanic seeds, Cordia dichotoma, Basella alba, Plantago psyllium, Cyamopsis teraganolobus, Cetacea, Abelmoschus esculentus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Moringa Oleifera, and Linum usitatissimum. Plant-derived mucilage, due to its distinctive health (anticancer, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition extends to diabetes, and immunity stimulation) and food properties, is widely used as an active ingredient for the formulation of pharmaceutics, functional, and nutraceutical products⁷. Structurally, mucilage (a complex of polymeric polysaccharide) is mainly composed of carbohydrates with highly branched structures that consist of monomer units of L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, and galacturonic acid. They also contain glycoproteins and different bioactive components such as tannins, alkaloids, and steroids^8–10. Also, mucilage produces an indefinite number of monosaccharides on hydrolysis, depending on the type of hydrolysis products obtained due to the nature of the polysaccharide. It can also further classify into pentose sugars (xylan) and hexose sugars (cellulose and starch) and can be considered as gum like components due to their similar physiological properties. However, both mucilage and gum are mostly related to hemicelluloses in composition, except the sugars produced by hemicelluloses such as xylose, glucose, and mannose instead of sugars produced by the gums such as galactose and arabinose^11,12. Moreover, that can be utilized in several applications such as edible coating, wound healing, tablet formation, encapsulation, water purification, and various nanocarriers. Mucilage exhibits an excellent functional property, however, due to the hydrogen bonding in between different functional and other polar groups, they also have an important role in film, emulsion, coated metal nanoparticles, and gel formation¹³. In recent years, nanostructured hydrogels and mucilage coated metal nanoparticles are intensively used as a significant delivery vehicle for various hydrophilic and hydrophobic components¹⁴. For the formulation of nanohydrogel, different types of biopolymers and cross-linking polymers can be used and mucilage can act as either a primary biopolymer or a cross-linking component for the formulation of nanohydrogel¹⁵. Several reports have been published on the formulation of stable nanohydrogels using mucilage as an active component and researchers revealed various therapeutic and food applications of the formulated nanohydrogels^11–17. Furthermore, nanohydrogels formulated with mucilage exhibit higher stability than that of other conventional plant-based biopolymers. Furthermore, metal nanoparticles coated with polymeric carbohydrates such as starch, dextran, chitosan, and mucilage are the most abundant nanocarriers used for targeted drug delivery. Because, in addition to increasing blood circulation time by hiding them from the immune system, their polymeric shells enable them to transfer and release the drug during biodegradation^16,17. However, only a few reports are published on the comprehensive knowledge of plant-derived mucilage, therefore, the present review is emphasized on the physicochemical properties, characterization, health, and functional attributes of the mucilage.

Natural excipients have a great advantage over their synthetic analogues as these are non-toxic, less expensive and freely available. The increasing awareness about these herbal excipients, which are manly polymers of natural origin, the pharmaceutical industries is getting more inclined towards their use in formulation development. The plant derived gums, mucilage’s from natural sources like carrageenan, thaumatin, lard, storax, agar, gum acacia, tragacanth and many more to name comply with many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients. These can be preferred for formulation development as being stable and involving less regulatory issues as compared to their synthetic counter parts. They can also be easily modified to meet the specific needs, thereby being a potent and economic vehicle for delivering active pharmaceutical ingredient in formulation. Thus, present study aims to throw light on the potential of natural excipients which can be proposed to be used as diluent, binder, Disintegrants as well as lubricant in various types of formulations as they are biocompatible and capable of giving additional nutrition to the developed dosage form. Excipients are defined as ‘the substance used as a medium for giving a medicament. The specific application of natural polysaccharide polymers in pharmaceutical formulations include to aid in the processing of the drug delivery system during its manufacture, protect, support or enhance stability, bioavailability or patient acceptability, assist in product identification, or enhance any other attribute of the overall safety, effectiveness or delivery of the drug during storage or use. Several pharmaceutical excipients of plant origin, like starch, agar, alginates, carrageen an, guar gum, xanthan gum, gelatine, pectin, acacia, tragacanth, and cellulose find applications in the pharmaceutical industry as binding agents, disintegrates, sustaining agents, protective’s, colloids, thickening agents, gelling agents, bases in suppositories, stabilizers, and coating materials. As plants sources are renewable and can be cultivated or harvested in sustainable manner, can supply constant availability of raw material. Waste from food industry can be achieved as a raw material to extract herbal excipients. These are other reasons for increase in demand of herbal material as excipients. However, substances from plant origin also pose several potential challenges such as being synthesized in small quantities and in mixtures that are structurally complex, which may differ according to the location of the plants as well as other variables such as the season. This may result in a slow and expensive isolation and purification process.

Mucilage presents in plants help to store water and food and also play a role in seed germination and thickening membranes. The term mucilage in plants means “those substances which are soluble, or at least swell very perceptibly in water and which upon addition of alcohol, are precipitated in a more or less amorphous or granular mass”⁴. They are similar to gums except that mucilage’s are generally normal products of metabolism, formed within the cell (intracellular formation) and/or are produced without injury to the plant. Mucilages of different sources and their derivatives represent a group of polymers widely used in pharmaceutical dosage forms. On one hand, it acts as pharmaceutical adjuvants and on the other hand, mucilage’s of different sources act as cytoprotective agents. It has been reported that mucilage helps in the treatment of gastric ulcer. It may act by forming a protective layer with increase in mucous secretion from the superficial epithelial cells against the ulcer inducer and thus prevent the penetration of necrotizing agent into the gastric mucosa⁵. This review gives an insight of mucilage, as a potent candidate to be used in various pharmaceutical formulations. It discusses the expansive sources of mucilage, its versatile excipient property as tablet binders, disintegrants, emulsifiers, suspending agents, gelling agents, stabilizing agents, thickening agents, film forming agents and the cytoprotective action of mucilage of certain plants which gives it an antiulcer property.

Classification:

The mucilage is classified according to their nature or occurrence into the following group:

1. Exudates (guar gum, gum acacia)

2. Seed gums (guar gum carob gum)

3. Plant extracts (pectin, starch, cellulose and hemicelluloses)

4. Seed mucilage: (planto ovate, Ocimum species)

5. Seawood extract (agar-agar, carrageenan, and alginate)

6. Polysaccharides from animal (chitin, chitosan)

7. Microbial exudates: (Dextran xanthan gum

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of the Plant Material:

Leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. were collected from a home garden at Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh, India) in the month of October- December 2021.

Extraction of Mucilage:

· The fresh young leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were collected, washed with water to remove dirt and debris, and shade dried for 2-3 days.

· The dried leaves were ground to a fine powder and the leaf powder was soaked in water for2-3 days’ time periods

· Filter the powder mixture using muslin cloth and collect the filtrate

· Equal amount of ethanol is added to the filtrate hence mucilage was precipitated

· Kept inside to refrigerator for 1days

· Then it was filter and dried completely in hot air oven at 37oc

· Powder iscollected and store in well closed container in order to identify the time taken for the complete release of mucilage.

The method of extraction of mucilage was a modified version of the method adopted by Extraction of mucilage involves, maceration and precipitation wherein, the mucilage released into the water is precipitated using a specific solvent. In the present experiment, two temperatures (25 °C - considered here as the room temperature and 50 °C - achieved by keeping in hot air oven) and two solvents (acetone and ethyl alcohol) were tried for the maceration and subsequent precipitation to identify the difference in yield potential. The leaf powder (10 gm) soaked in 100 ml water was squeezed through an eight - fold muslin cloth bag to remove the marc from the solution. The resultant filtrate was collected separately in two small beakers. Acetone and ethyl alcohol (150 ml each) were added separately to these two beakers in a quantity three times the volume of the total filtrate. The precipitated mucilage from both the beakers was taken out by gently spooling it out with a glass rod and collected separately in two 2 Physicochemical Characterization of Selected Plantago Ovata Plantago Mucilage was characterized by various tests of identification.

a. Determination of purity of gum to determine the purity of gum tests for alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and phenols were carried out.

b. Identification of Mucilage Powdered mucilage was treated with ruthenium red solution and observed for the appearance of pink colour.

c. Organoleptic Evaluation the Organoleptic evaluation refers to the evaluation of colour, odour, shape, taste and special features which include touch and texture. The majority of information on the identity, purity and quality of the material can be drawn from these observations.

d. Solubilityof hibiscus powder was checked with different solvents such as water, hot water, acetone, ethanol, methanol, ether, chloroform.

e. Melting point, the powdered sample of hibiscus was transferred into a capillary tube and by using melting point apparatus melting point was determined.

f. Moisture Absorption The mucilage powder was weighed accurately and placed in a desiccator. After 3 days, the mucilage powder was taken out and weighed. The percentage of moisture uptake was calculated as the difference between final weight and initial weight with respect to initial weight.

g. Loss on Drying (LOD) Moisture content of hibiscus mucilage was determined by loss on drying method. Accurately weighed 1 g sample was heated at 105°C to get a constant weight in a hot air oven and percent loss of moisture on drying was calculated using formula given below.

Weight of moisture in sample

LOD (%) = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– × 100

Weight of sample before drying

i. pH of Mucilage The pH of 1% w/v dispersion of the mucilage was determined using a digital pH meter.

j. Thermal Stability A sufficient quantity of the banana powder was taken in a petri dish and kept at successive higher temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C and 140°C). The temperature at which the powder showed a change in colour was noted.

Angle of repose Angle of Repose was determined using funnel method. The blend was poured through a funnel that can be raised vertically until a maximum cone height (h) was obtained. Radius of the heap (r) was measured and angle of repose (θ) was calculated using the form.

tanθ = h/r

Where, θ is Angle of Repose, h is height of Cone, r is Radius of cone.

Angle of repose (ᵒ)	Type of flow
<25	Excellent
25-30	Good
30-40	Passable
40>	Very poor

Quantification of Mucilage:

The percentage yield of extracted mucilage was calculated based on the amount of powdered leaf used for the extraction process and the amount of dry mucilage obtained individually depending upon solvents and temperature and expressed as percentage (%)

% Yield = wt. of dried mucilage obtained × 100/wt. of leaf powder taken

Identification Test:

About 2ml of aqueous extract of the mucilage was prepared and about 2.5ml of absolute alcohol added to it the presence of mucilage in the extracted material was confirmed by performing the basic Phytochemical screening tests for carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids saponins, tannins, Molisch’s and Ruthenium red test etc.

RESULT:

Quantification of the Mucilage: The mucilage yield at two different temperatures used form aceration and precipitation (using two different solvents) are provided below Table 1. A relatively higher mucilage yield (21.41%) was obtained when the maceration was done at 50^oC followed by acetone precipitation.

Table 2: Percent Yield Values of the Isolated Mucilage

S. No.	Solvent	Temperature	% Yield (gram)
1.	Ethyl alcohol	25 ^oC	1.13
2.	Ethyl alcohol	50 ^oC	2.14
3.	Acetone	25 ^oC	4.10
4.	Acetone	50 ^oC	3.90

Physicochemical Characterisation of the Isolated Mucilage: i) Organoleptic Characterisation of Isolated Mucilage: The organoleptic features of the isolated mucilage as observed are given in

Table 3: Organoleptic Characterisation of Isolated Mucilage

S. No.	Tests	Observations
1.	Colour	Greenish
2.	Odour	Odourless
3.	Taste	Characteristic bitter
4.	Shape	Irregular
5.	Texture	Amorphous

Solubility of Mucilage:

The solubility of the isolated mucilage in various solvents are given in

Table 4: Solubility of the Isolated Mucilage

S. No.	Solvent	Observation
1.	Cold water	form a gel
2.	Hot water	Soluble
3.	Ethanol	Insoluble
4.	Acetone	Insoluble
5.	Chloroform	Insoluble

Melting point:

Melting point of hibiscus mucilage powder were found to be 109^oC.

Moisture Absorption:

The moisture uptake of hibiscus rosa leave mucilage were found to be 17%.

Loss on Drying (LOD):

The weight loss on drying was found to be 11.10%.

pH of Mucilage:

The pH value of Hibiscus mucilage (1% solution) was recorded as 6.4.

Viscosity:

Viscosity of hibiscus rosa mucilage were determine 2.4cps

Stability:

Stability study of the mucilage was performed for different temperature and time interval and the result were found to be

Table 5: Stability Study of the Mucilage

S. No.	Time in week	Observation (RDC 40^oc ± 0.5 RH 75%)
1.	1	100 %
2.	2	99.5%
3.	3	98%
4.	4	98%

Angle of repose:

The angle of repose of hibiscus rosa leaves mucilage were found to be 26.12°.

Table 6: Phytochemical evaluation of hibiscus rosa mucilage:

S. No.	Chemical test	Observation
1.	Test for carbohydrates (Molish test: 1 ml of α-naphthol solution and concentrated sulfuric acid, 1 ml of isolated mucilage was added. The presence of carbohydrate was indicated by the appearance of purple or reddish violet colour)	Positives
2.	Test for tannin: 1 ml of isolated extract few drops of 5% w/v FeCl3 solution were added. A green color indicates the presence of tannins.	Positives
3.	Test for proteins: (Biuret test: 1 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide solution and two drops of 1% copper sulfate solution, 1 ml of isolated mucilage was added. The presence of proteins was indicated by formation of violet color).	Positives
4.	Test for alkaloids: (Wagner’s test:2 ml of Wagner’s reagent, 1 ml of isolated mucilage was added. The presence of alkaloids was indicated by the appearance of reddish-brown precipitate in test tube).	Positives
5.	Test for glycoside: (Legal test: the mucilage was dissolved for making it alkaline. The presence of glycosides was exhibited by the formation of pink-red color).	Positives
6.	Test for reducing sugar: (Fehling’s test: 2ml of Fehling A solution take; add few drops of copper sulphate solⁿand 1 ml of mucilage solution produce red precipitation).	Positives
7.	Test for flavonoids: (Shinoda test: 1 ml of magnesium and 1–3 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid; 1 ml of the isolated mucilage was added. The presence of flavonoids was indicated by the formation of red color)	Positives
8.	Ruthenium red test: A drop of ruthenium red solution was added to a small quantity of mucilage placed on a glass slide and observed under microscope.	Positives

DISCUSSION:

mucilage of herbal plant has been successfully isolated from cold maceration process and the different evaluation parameter were done.

Extraction of Mucilage:

Generally, all mucilage extraction methods consist of two successive processes namely maceration and precipitation. The most commonly used solvent for maceration is water and acetone. However, precipitation is usually done using either ethanol or acetone. In the present study, maceration was done using distilled water followed by ethanol or acetone precipitation. On addition of the solvent (three times the volume of the filtrate), a light brownish cream coloured precipitate was seen floating on the surface.

Quantification of the Mucilage:

The percentage yield of mucilage was tested in two different temperatures and precipitated using acetone and ethyl alcohol. The yield was found to be about 4% more when extraction was carried out at 50 ºC than at room temperature (25 ºC). Viscosity of the mucilage which makes it less sticky and can be effectively released under high temperature. The yield was found to be 2 - 3% higher when precipitated with acetone compared to ethyl alcohol.

Physicochemical Characterisation of the Isolated Mucilage:

Organoleptic characterisation of isolated mucilage showed that, it is a greenish brown powder, with characteristic odour and amorphous nature. When dissolved in water, it gave a neutral, greenish brown solution which is slimy and colloidal in nature.

pH (of 1% solution) of mucilage was determined as 6.4, which is nearly neutral, indicating that it may be less irritating to the mucous membrane and gastrointestinal tract when ingested orally.

The angle of repose of a powder provides an insight into the magnitude of the cohesiveness of the powder and hence its flowability. The values for angle of repose and Hausner ratio for dried mucilage powder were 26.12º.

The viscosity of 1% solution was found to be 2.1435 poise. It can be concluded that the mucilage has a viscosity that is suitable for formulation of gel, jellies, and films. The size of the particles in a mucilage has importance, as the size determines the surface area available for the interaction with other components.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis mucilage gave positive results for carbohydrates specifically reducing sugars, phenolics and flavonoids in the present study. Phytoconstituents such as proteins, fats, and saponins were absent in the isolated mucilage. Mucilage of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been earlier reported to contain reducing sugars like L-rhamnose, D-galactose, and acidic polysaccharides like D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid. The total polysaccharide content in the isolated mucilage was found to be 64.03% (w/v) which was however lower than previous reports (70%). Trace amounts of phenolics (1.54%) and flavonoids (0.63%) could also be detected in the isolated mucilage.

CONCLUSION:

Mucilages are pharmaceutically important polysaccharide with wide range of applications such as thickening, binding, disintegrating, suspending, emulsifying, stabilizing and gelling agents. Naturally available mucilages are preferred to synthetic materials due to their non toxicity, low cost, emollient and non-irritating nature. natural polymers have been utilizing in various formulations in which they are applicable as: suspending, binding, emulsifying, and gelling agents. Natural polymers like gums and mucilage’s obtained from various biological sources find their way as biodegradable polymers in pharmaceuticals, cosmetology and also in many food industries. Several studies on Natural polymers suggest them to be advantageous, economic and less toxic as compared to synthetic polymers.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The researcher claims no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We acknowledge Dr. Ashwani Dixit for Botanical identification of drug. We also acknowledge Dr. Dheeraj Ahirwar, principal, SOP, CEC for providing infrastructure and instruments for study.

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Received on 04.03.2022 Modified on 19.03.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(3):171-178.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00031

Substance (common name)	Botanical name	Family	Chemical structure	Pharmaceutical application	Reference
Guar gum	Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) taub.	Fabaceae	Exopolysacride	Suspending, emulsifying agent	22
Karaya gum	Firmiana simplex (L)W. Wight	Malvaceae	A-D-Galacturonic acid	Suspending, emulsifying agent	7
Tragacanth	Astrogalus brachycalyx Fisch	Fabaceae	Pectinaceous	Suspending agent	7
Gum acacia	Acacia anilotica (L) Delile	Fabaceae	1,3-linked B-D-galactopyranosyl	Binder suspending and emulsifying agent	2
Aloe Vera	Barbadensis	Liliaceae	Aloin/ barbaloin	Soothing agent binder suspending agent	5
Drumstick	Moringa oleifera	Moringaceace	Trigonelline	Binder suspending emulsifying agent	2
Gudhal	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	L-rhamnose, D- Galacturonic acid	Binder suspending emulsifying agent, colouring agent	5
Cactus mucilage	Opuntia ficusindica	Cactaceae	Arabinose	Gelling agent for sustained release drug delivery	10
Stavari mucilage	Asparagus racemosus	Apocynaceae	ShatavarosideA	Binding, suspending agent in tablets	10
Jujube Mucilage	Ziziphus Mauritiana	Rhamnaceae	L-arabinose	Excipients in oral mucoadhesive tablet	31
Isapgol mucilage	Plantago ovate, P. Psyllium	Plantaginaceae	Xylose, globulin	Lubricant, demulcent, suspending, sustained release agent, emulsifier, disintegrate	32