INTRODUCTION:

Zizyphus jujuba belonging to family Rhamnaceae, is a spiky tree with medium height, whose fruit looks like olive fruit or buckthorn fruit and has been extensively consumed as fruit and therapy for a long time around the globe. Two main local jujubes of India are Zizyphus mauritiana and Ziziphus jujube. It has been enumerated in the list of first most relevant fruit in earliest Chinese medicine books. Also, In Chinese herbal medicines is considered as one of the chief herbal medicines as well had the belief to show effects like enhancing life span by purifying and nourishing blood, for treating insomnia, aids in digestion and many more.

Fruit of the plant is much nutritive food since it contains enough nutrients which contains carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals and vitamins.^1,2 Concerning with the geographical distribution, it is extensively fond in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and America also in the Mediterranean regions.³From ancient period of time, it is well known in Arabian Peninsula. Belief is there as it is native from Algerian town of Annaba, hence it has common name Annab. Moreover, the fully-grown fruit turns reddish to purplish black, which resembles small dates. Dried pulp of the fruit is rich source of essential unsaturated fatty acids. Chief fatty acids present in Zizyphus jujuba such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and linoleic acids. It also contains number of amino acids and proteins. Protein and free asparagine contents are affected and assembles during ripening and harvesting stage of the fruit.⁴Dietary fibres and fructose contents in the fruit takes part in regulation of the blood sugar levels by steadying digestion.⁵The significant sugars found in fruit are sucrose, glucose, fructose, rhamnose and sorbitol. Vitamin C (water-soluble antioxidant) is also in Plenty amount.⁶ Fruit is also augmented with other vitamins also such as thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin and vitamin A. It is also good source of minerals as Mg(magnesium), P(phosphorous), K(Potassium), Na(sodium) and Zn (zinc).⁶ Chemical constituents present in the fruit are such as triterpenic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, cerebrosides, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and polysaccharides. Each and every constituent have its health advantages which makes it good food alternative.⁷ It has higher phenolic contents as compared to cherry apple, persimmon or red grape which gives significant antioxidant activity.⁸ Different parts of Z. mauritiana have traditional uses for treating number of ailments which includes liver disorders, urinary disorder, diabetes, diarrhoea, skin infections, anaemia, obesity, respiratory infections, cancer, GI modulator and blood purifier.^6,9,10 Traditionally it is also taken as tonic and occasionally sedative-hypnotic.

Introduction to family Rhamnaceae:

The Rhamnaceae family is also known as Buckthorn family. It is a large family which includes, mostly trees, flowering plants, shrubs and vines. Rhamnaceae family contains 50 to 60 genera and more or less 870 to 900 species. They are distributed globally, but precisely more often available in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The ancient remnant evidence of Rhamnaceae family is from Eocene period. Leaves are arranged alternately and spiralling or opposite. Stipules are present near the leaf end. After maturation, leaves are converted into spikes in many of the genus. It also has two axillary buds rather than one which further develops into thorn and another into shoot. Flowers are arranged radially in uniform pattern. Flowers has 5 or 4 sepals and 5 or 4 or sometimes no petals. Isomerous stamens are they’re with petals with 5 to 4 stamens. Each stamen is opposite to one petal. Superior ovary is their which has 2 to 3 ovules. Fruits are fleshy drupes, nutty or like berries. Family also includes Scutia, Adolphia, Spyridium, Ceanothus, Colletia, Frangula, Reissekia, Discaria, Rhamnus, Trymalium, Hovenia, Berchemiella, Ziziphus. ^11,12

Introduction to genus Ziziphus:

Genus Ziziphus contains about 40 species of shrubs and small trees with spines belongs to buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is well distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the globe. Leaves are arranged alternately, whole which has 3 eminent basal veins. Leaves are 2 to 7 centimeter’s long. Some of the species are deciduous rather than evergreen. Flowers are tiny and modest and has green-yellow color. Color of fruit is yellow-brown or red or black which are edible. Fruits are oblong or globose in shape and 1 to 5 centimeter’s length. Taste of fruit is very sweet and sugary. It is similar to dates in texture and flavour.^13,14,15

Introduction to species:

Zizyphus jujube has several vernacular names and common names. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is tropical fruit, belonging to family Rhamnaceae. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree with spikes, it grows up to 15 meter’s height, has 40 centimeter’s or more the diameter of trunk. It has spreading crown also has stipular spines and several drooping branches. It is oval or round in shape and 1 to 2.5 centimeter’s long size depends on the species and variety of the plant. Fruit is juicy, has white flesh inside and it is crispy. It has pleasing aroma and sweet in taste. Fruit texture is smooth, glossy and skin of the fruit is thin but compact.^15,16,17,18

Synonyms:

· Ziziphus mauritiana

· Rhamnus jujube

· Ziziphus sororia

· Ziziphus trinervia

· Ziziphus orthocantha

· Ziziphus rotundata

· Ziziphus abyssinicus

· Sarcomphalus mauritianus

· Manasa arborea

Vernacular Names:

· Hindi: Ber

· Sanskrit: Ajapriya, Badara, Karkandhu

· Marathi: Bor

· Gujarati: Bordi

· English: Ber, Beri, Bor, Baer, Aprin, Baer, Chine Apple, Chinese Date, Chinese Apple, Collie Plum, Crab-apple, Cottony Jujube, Indian Jujube, Indian Cherry, Jujube, Spiny Jujube

· Arabic: Ber, Bor, Nabbak-El-Fil, Nobig

· Tamil: Elanthai

· Assamese: Bagari, Bogori

· Kannada: Yelchi

· Malayalam: Jujube, Elentha, Badatam, Badari, Kolam, Cherumali, Ilantha, Parinthudar. ^[12,13]

Taxonomical Classification:

· Kingdom: Plantae

· Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae

· Phylum: Tracheophyta

· Subphyllum: Euphyllophytina

· Division: Mangliophyta

· Subdivision: Angiosperm

· Class: Mangnoliopsida

· Subclass: Rosidae

· Order: Rosales

· Family: Rhamnaceae

· Subfamily: Asteroideae

· Tribe: Paliureae

· Genus: Zizyphus

· Species: jujuba

MORPHOLOGY:

Zizyphus jujube is a small tree or shrub. It grows up to 15 meter’s height. Sometimes it is deciduous otherwise it is evergreen tree. It is an erect tree & has crown wide spreading.²⁰ It has a deep fusiform root.¹⁹The tree trunk is about 40centimetre diameter, is covered with bark which has irregular fissures. Bark having color dark grey to dull black.²⁰There are number of branches and drooping. Twigs are shielded with thick layer of short, matted, fuzzy hairs. The spikes are unaccompanied or holds up in pairs at the leaves base, have 5 to 7-millimetre length. In cultivated, spikes on the tree may be absent or in tiny forms.²² Leaves arrangement is simple. They are alternately patterned and has ovate shape. Length of leaves is about 2 to 9 centimetres with three veins. Leaves upper surface is dark glossy and green in color while lower surface is densely hairy and light green in color.¹⁹ This dense silky texture distinguishes between Indian jujube and Chinese jujube. ¹⁹ Flowers have 4 to 5 petals, which are greenish yellow in color. Flowers also have hairs exteriorly and are about 5 millimetre in width. They bear on 1 to 2 centimeter’s long axillary cymes. Fruit is oval in shape and is about 6 x 4 centimeter’s in size. Skin of the fruit is commonly smooth and texture is glossy, has color from yellow to red to blackish. Pulp of fruit is white, crisp, juicy. Fruit taste is somewhat acidic to sweet, after ripening it turns to very sweet taste.

Distribution:

Zizyphus jujuba is native from tropical and subtropical region from Central Asia to North Africa and from India to Afghanistan, Australia, South China and Malaysia. It is also spread in Mediterranean region and Pacific islands. It has been used from 1000 BC and now it is extensively adopted in the tropical regions, Pacific Islands and in Mediterranean region.^19,20 It is only economically beneficial in India and China.¹⁹ It is also found in Thailand (South-East Asia). Importance for jujube is enhancing for its vast adaptation, easily managed, rapid fruit bearing, used as food and feed also has multiple uses.²¹They are widely cultivated over 2 million hectares which gives annually over 6 million fruits. Roughly 30 million farmers depend on jujube for their livelihood.²¹ Indian jujube has adapted as it can grow well in semi-arid and arid regions in very dry regions. Indian jujube is commonly found at altitude of 1600 meter’s in India but it is cultivated at 1000 meters. It grows where rainfall if up to 1500 to 400 millimetre’s yearly. For growth and maturity of fruits they need sunny, hot and dry condition still has to retain moisture for support and flowering. During summer at temperature 49 – 50⁰C, it sheds off the leaves and after onset of rain new shoots develops.²² It grows in wide-ranging soil but grows good in well-drained, deep sandy soil which has pH slightly acidic or neutral or alkaline loams. It can also resist some amount of salinity.

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS:

The main constituents in the Zizyphus jujuba contains triterpenes, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolic acids, tannins which includes betulinic acid, maslinic acid, ursolic acid, aliphitolic acid, coumaroyl-aliphitolic, jujuboside, spinosin, swertisin, sitosterol, phytol, sterol, tocopherol, Leucoanthocyanes, squalene, quercetin and many more. It also contains palmitic acids, linoleic acids, methyl stearate, stigmasterol, lanosterol, diosgenin, lanosterol, kaempferol, berberine, protopine & cardiotonic glucosides. Fruits contains proteins, fibre’s, carbohydrates, fat, reducing and non-reducing sugars, calcium, phosphorous, iron, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, pectin, niacin, thiamine, carotene. It also contains malic acid and oxalic acid.^23,24

Ayurvedic Properties:

Rasa: Kashaya, Madhura, Amla

Guna: Lakhu, Snigdha

Vipaka: Madhura

Virya: Seeta

Leaves are bitter in taste, has cooling effect which can cure “kapha”, diarrhea, biliousness, also act as antipyretic and can reduce obesity. Fruit berries have property of blood purification and can aids digestion. Also has astringent effect, stomachic, tonic and styptic, mild laxative and expectorant. It can calm impaired kapha and pitta. It reduces fever, burning sensations, cough. Has wound healing property, effects skin infections, anti-ulcer property, stomatitis, diarrhea, improves sexual weakness and general debility.

Ayurvedic formulations:

· Badri phalasav

· Badaradi kwatha

· Badaradi churna

· Laksha kalka

· Badri patrasava

· Kumar kalian ghrita

· Badaradi pak.²⁵

TRADITIONAL USES

· Menorrhagia (Women Infertility)

· Tooth ache

· Scrofula (Cervical Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis where cervical refers to neck)

· Chlamydia

· Gonorrhoea

· Diarrhea

· Snake bites

· Body pain

· Loss of appetite

· Respiratory and chest ailments

· Tuberculosis

· Sores and boils

· Tonic

· Cold

· Rheumatism

· Aphrodisiac

· Dysentery

· Fever

· Insomnia

· Anaemia

· Obesity

· Liver disorders

· Digestive disorders

· Hypertension

· Lumbago

· Tumour’s

· Foetus disposition

· Urinary troubles arthritis.²⁶

Pharmacological Importance:

Antioxidant activity of bark:

Zizyphus jujuba (jujube bark) has many pharmacological actions due to presence of active constituents such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids. Bark has showed significant radical scavenging activity. Bark extract was done using methanol and further successively fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Those fractions and residue were used for activity. The isolates showed notable antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging activity which gave IC50 of 7.58 milligram per millilitre. Additionally, link between Radical scavenging activity and flavonoid phenolic contents are indicated with R2 value of 0.584 and 0.502 respectively. These determinations support the antioxidant activity and it can be used as food supplement.²⁷

Cytotoxic Activity of leaves:

Cytotoxic activity has been reported of Zizyphus jujuba. The extract of powdered air-dried leaves of Z. mauritiana using methanol. Further partitioning was done using PET ether, chloroform and carbon-tetrachloride. From PET ether soluble fraction triterpenoid acid was isolated by gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 which is further followed by preparative TLC on silica gel. Elucidation of structure was done using NMR spectral of zizyberenalic acid. PET ether soluble fraction showed significant cytotoxic activity using Brine shrimp lethality assay in comparison with standard drug vincristine sulphate. LC50 values of extract and standard are 1.31± 0.01μg/ml and 0.31μg/ml 0.01μg/ml respectively. The current study was observed good for developing cytotoxic compounds using natural source.²⁸

Antimicrobial activity of fruit:

Zizyphus jujuba have demonstrated antimicrobial activities using crude and fractionated extracts using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The phytochemical screening of extract has also been done. Methanolic extract of fruit pulp has been used. Secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids have been determined. Antimicrobial activity was studied using Agar well diffusion and broth dilution technique. Extract was tested on E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis. Both extract and fractions showed significant inhibitory activity. Hence, can be used for antibacterial activity.²⁹

Antioxidant Stability in frying oil of fruit:

The fruits of Zizyphus jujuba showed remarkable antioxidant effect. Hydroethanolic extract of fruit have been used for activity. The Ultra-sound assisted extraction was carried out and activity was performed using β-carotene-linoleic acid assay & DPPH free radical scavenging capacity. Oxidation prevention of extract was significant in soybean oil than the synthetic antioxidants. Oxidation prevention activity was confirmed using terminologies such as Total Polar Compounds (TPC), Carbonyl Value (CV), and Peroxide Value (PV), Conjugated Dienes (CD), and Trienes (CT), and Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) Content, Oxidative Stability (OSI).³⁰

Antidiarrheal and Anti-inflammatory activity of fruit:

Ethanolic extract of fruit Ziziphus jujube was used for the activity. It showed significant antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory action. Antidiarrheal activity was performed using castor oil and E. coli induced diarrhoea mouse model with doses 400 to 1200mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method using 800, 1200, 16000 mg/kg of extract and standard as diclofenac sodium. Extract was further analysed and identification of constituent betulinic acid and quercetin was done.³¹

Antimicrobial activity of leaves:

Zizyphus jujuba leaves showed noteworthy antimicrobial effect. Extraction of the leaves was followed by ethanol as solvent. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyrogenes, A. niger, C. albicans. In them S. pyogenes was maximum susceptible than E. coli and S. aureus was minimum susceptible. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) of the extracts were 1mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml respectively. Extract doesn’t exhibit any activity against fungal isolates (A. niger, C. albicans). Hence, this plants extract cannot play role in treating fungal infections. Chemical constituents were identified from extracts such as saponins, tannins, polyphenols and cardiac glycosides. ³²

Antiaging Activity of leaves:

Zizyphus jujuba leaves extract has potential of skin rejuvenating property. Hydroalcoholic extract (80%) was prepared and used for the formulation. The formulation of emulsions was prepared using 4% extract and base. Stability studies was done at different temperature and humidity for 4 weeks. The parameters were observed such as phase separation, liquefaction, color, centrifugation, electrical conductivity and pH at specific intervals of time. The skin rejuvenation property of emulsion was performed on 13 human volunteers (healthy) for period of 8 weeks. The skin parameters were observed at that time are melanin level, erythema, moisture content, elasticity and sebum content of skin. All the parameters values were satisfactory. It gives indication that leaf extract of Z. mauritiana has potential of antiaging property with skin lightening, moisturizing and viscoelastic effect properties.³³

Wound Healing Activity of Leaves:

Leaves of Z. mauritiana has been used for treatment of cuts, wounds and burns from ancient times. Hence, it shows wound healing activity. This study investigated efficacy of extract of leaves. Ethanolic and aqueous extract of leaves was prepared and ointment was prepared with base. 5% w/w ethanolic extract ointment and 5% w/w aqueous extract ointment were evaluated on Wistar albino rats using excision wound model. Nitrofurazone ointment 0.2% w/w was used as standard. Effect of the extracts were evaluated with parameters such as wound closure, wound contracting ability, decrease in surface area of wound, tissue generation. The proliferation of epithelial tissue promoting angiogenesis, generation of fibrous connective tissue after treatment with extract. Ointment of extract showed significant wound healing activity.³⁴

CONCLUSION:

Concerning globally, changes in lifestyles and choices, the herbal remedies are acquiring more importance and pernitency. Zizyphus jujuba is well defined and is being used from decades in many cultures. In this review article, we can deduce that Z. mauritiana has various constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, triterpenes and many more which exhibits various pharmacological actions mentioned above.

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Received on 13.10.2021 Modified on 04.01.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(2):107-112.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00020