INTRODUCTION:

The genus Lantana (Verbenaceae) as delineate by Carl von Linne in 1753 contained seven species, six from South America and one from Ethiopia. Lantana from the Latin lento, to bend in all probability derives from the traditional Latin name of the genus Viburnum. poisonous plant is usually native to subtropic and tropical America, however a number of taxa square measure native to tropical Asia and continent. it's a genus of concerning one hundred fifty species. L. camara Linn. Ordinarily called wild or red sage, is that the most widespread species of this genus¹. it's planted as an ornamental plant and is now a extremely invasive weed in several components of the planet. L. camara is found at altitudes from water level upto 2000m and may thrive very well under rainfall starting from 750 to 5000 millimetre every year and it grows up to three m.

It is a woody sprawling evergreen, aromatic wild bush. The stems and branches are generally thorny. The leaves are organized in opposite pairs and are broadly speaking oval, bright inexperienced, rough with short hairs, with finely toothed edges beside variety of veins giving a wrinkled look. Flower heads contain 20-40 flowers, usually 2.5cm across; the colour of flowers varies from white, cream or yellow to orange pink, purple and red little small rounded heads, typically in 2 colours. The fruits are fleshy berries in clusters, shiny and globular in form, inexperienced color that on ripening turns to black. the basis system is extremely sturdy with a main taproot and a mat of the many shallow aspect roots. L. camara is understood by totally different names in numerous languages in India, viz. Raimuniya (Hindi), Chaturangi and Vanacehdi (Sanskrit) and Kakke, Natahu, Unnigida (Kannada), etc^2,3,4.

Plant Profile:

Description:

Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) may be a low, erect or ascending woody plant, grow old to 1.2-2.4m high, with stout curved prickles and having robust odour of black currants, introduced into India as an a decorative plant however currently entirely naturalized and located throughout India. Leaves are opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or subacute, crenate-serrate, rough on top of scabrid on each aspect⁵.

Habitat:

Geographical distribution: L. camara may be a tropical origin plant and native to Central and Northern South America and Caribbean. L. camara is presentlyspreaded to merely concerning sixty countries viz, New island, Mexico, Florida, Trinidad, Jamaica and Brazil. It’s reported in many African countries together with Republic Kenya, Uganda, African country and South Africa⁶.

Taxonomic Classification⁷

· Kingdom: Plantae

· Subkingdom: Viridiplantae

· Division: Tracheophyta

· Sub-division: Spermatophytina

· Family: Verbenaceae

· Genus: Lantana

· Species: L. camara

Vernacular Name:

In India, L. camara was in all probability introduced before nineteenth century. presently L. camara is distributed Asian nationL. camara is known by different is thought by totally different languages Asian nation viz, Raimuniya (Hindi), Chaturangi and Vanacehdi (Sanskrit), Arippu and Unnichedi (Tamil), Aripoov, Poochedi, Konginipoo and Nattachedi (Malayalam), Thirei, Samballei and Nongballei (Manipuri), Tantani and Ghaneri (Marathi), Pulikampa (Telegu), Kakke and Natahu (Kanada)⁶.

Chemical Constituents:

There are around six iridoid glycosides and six oligosaccharides isolated from the ethanolic roots of L. camara that includes stachyose, verbascose, ajugose, verbascotetracose, theveside, theviridoside, lamiridoside, geniposide, Lantanose A, and Lantanose B⁸. Stem oil extract of Lantana is identified to contain about 66 phytochemical constituents. The major constituents of fruit oil of Lantana were identified as stearic acid, palmitic acid, and germacrene D, while major constituents of stem oil were identified as palmitic acid and stearic acid⁹. Chemical constituents such as linalool, phytol, 1-octen-3-ol, alpha-muurol, beta-bisabolol, trans-beta-farnesene, alpha-curcumene, alpha-cardinol, beta-caryophyllene, beta-bisabolene, tetradecanoic acid, epi-cubebol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and 1-hexanol are the major compounds found in Lantana¹⁰.

Traditional uses:

Conventionally, the plant is employed as diaphoretic, carminative, antispasmodic agent, tonic, antiemetic, to treat metabolic process infections, and disorders (cough, cold, asthma, and bronchitis), within the treatment of tetanus, epilepsy, dysentery, and gastropathy. pulverized leaves area unit used for cuts, wounds, ulcers, and swellings, associate degree infusion of the leaves is employed for bilious fever, eczema, and eruptions. The fruits area unit utilized in fistula, pustules, tumors, and rheumatism. the foundation is employed in protozoal infection, rheumatism, skin rashes, dermatitis, eczema, mycotic infections, and tract infections, as well as grippe and T.B. A boiling of contemporary roots is employed as a gargle for toothache^11-13.

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Leaf extract of Lantana possesses phytochemicals like terpenoids (mainly triterpenes and sesquiterpenes) that are cytotoxic on tumor cells and exhibited anticancer potential in animal models. Therefore, the extraction of triterpenoids for drug development is useful because of its many biological activities¹⁴. There are around 70 triterpenes isolated from this genus. The methanolic extract of this plant has been reported to reduce the carrageenan-induced paw edema. Antiinflammatory agents can suppress seizures in humans and involve in the process of epileptogenesis. It can also induce the cytokine encoding genes, which suppresses inflammation. Based on these attributes, Lantana plant is considered to be significantly anti-inflammatory in nature.

Anticancer activity:

Anthraquinones are reported to be present in Lantana. Anthraquinones are commercially used in many pharmaceutical industries as an anticancer agent. This suggests a potential anticancerous application of Lantana.

The phenolic compounds of this plant have been reported to help in cancer prevention. It is also proven to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells ¹⁵. L. camara has shown cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines at low concentrations. It shows the potential of the plant to be used in treatment¹⁶.

Antidiabetic activity:

Saponins present in the extract of Lantana are proven to help in reducing the blood glucose level. It is also proven to decrease the blood cholesterol level. It further helps in promoting general health¹⁷.

Anthelmintic activity:

Leaves of Lantana species have been proved to be effective in anthelmintic property. Ethanolic extracts of Lantana species have been observed to be highly effective against certain worms like Pheretima posthuma ¹⁸. Extracts of Lantana have shown antihelminthic activity against Fasciola hepatica as well, which causes hepatical disease to many domestic animals leading to death and thereby severe economic loss¹⁹.

Antipyretic activity:

Ethanolic extract of Lantana plants has been observed to be antipyretic in nature. It lowers the temperature of the body.

By inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins²⁰. Extracts of Lantana montevidensis have also demonstrated antipyretic activity²¹.

Antispasmodic activity:

Oleanolic acid has been isolated from Lantana which is used by folk medicine practitioners from Bangladesh as an antispasmodic agent²².

Antidiarrheal activity:

The stem of the L. camara has been used historically within the treatment of symptom. Scientific analysis proved that administration of L. camara causes a major defect within the frequency and therefore the weight of excretion. Ethnopharmacological studies have shown that it's has biological activity (antibacterial) against microorganism, inflicting diarrheic²³. Lantana is additionally established to own distinctive laxative and flammable properties.

Anti-insecticidal activity:

Besides the venture as a psychoactive medication, alkaloids deduced from Lantana are used as insecticides which have significant toxicity toward insects^24,25. Leaves and flower extracts of Lantana have been proven to have larvicidal activity. The essential of the leaves of Lantana was found to be repulsive for mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.). Combination of L. camara plant with other plants is reported to act as a mosquito repellent²⁶. Essential oils present in the blades of Lantana have been proven to have insecticidal effects on vectors of dengue, malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya, and yellow fever²⁷. These attributes of Lantana can potentially be exploited in developing insecticides for agricultural usage and developing topical mosquito repellents.

Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity:

Oral administration of the methyl alcohol extract of theLantana camara (200 and 400mg/kg body weight) leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, showed the vital (P<0.01) reduction within the glucose concentration in dose dependent manner. Treatment with extract (400 mg/kg) decreased blood glucose level to 121.94mg/dl. weight considerably (P<0.05) increased traditional when the treatment with extract and it absolutely was found effective in oral aldohexose tolerance check because it decreased the elevated level of aldohexose when one hour. The organic chemistry parameters like triglycerides (TG), total cholesterin (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein were investigated and extract was found effective against polygenic disease iatrogenic symptom. Present study incontestible that methyl alcohol extract of Lantana camara (L.) leaves exhibit promising anti-hyperglycemic activity against alloxan-induced diabetic rats²⁸.

Analgesic Activity:

Acetic acid-induced writhing model was used for evaluating the potential of methanolic extract of the plant on pain. In this method, pain was produced by the administration of 1% v/v of acetic acid (1mL/100g body weight of mice). The mice were placed in separate boxes under observation immediately after acetic acid injection and numbers of abdominal constrictions were counted over a period of 20 min²⁹.

Antimicrobial Activity-

The antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether, methanolic, and water extracts of the L. camara was investigated against bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. At the concentration of 250mg a lot of petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of the leaves showed potent antimicrobial and antifungal activity³⁰.

Hepatoprotective effect:

The hepatoprotective effect of Lantana camara dried rind extract was studied against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in male Wistar rats. Lantana camara extracts for 28 days significantly reduced the impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Lantana camaraextract also caused marked increases in the level of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in rats. These results were further confirmed histopathologically³¹.

Wound healing Activity:

The leaf extract of L. camara was investigated in wound healing within the rats. Treatment of the wound with extract significantly accumulated the speed of wound contraction (98%), synthesis of simple supermolecule, and attenuated the mean of wound healing activity³².

Antihemorrhoidal activity:

The antihemorrhoidal activity of the L. camara was studied in twenty patients suffering from 1st to 2nd-degree hemorrhoids, victimization capsules ready from dry binary compound extract of L. camara 500mg/kg and disaccharide 100mg kg. The results discovered vital reduction in signs and symptoms of acute hemorrhoidal attack (bleeding, anal discomfort, anal discharge, swelling, and pain at prolapse and proctitis) last week (on 28th day). No vital adverse effects were reported ³³.

Anxiolytic activity:

The anxiolytic activity of the isolated compound (ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside (UASG) from the leaves of L. camara was studied using elevated plus-maze, open field and light, and dark test. The UASG showed marked increased in (%) time spent and the number of frequent movements in open arm of elevated plus-maze apparatus. In light and dark models, UASG produced marked increase in times spent by animal, number of crossing and reduced duration of immobility in lightbox³⁴.

CONCLUSION:

On the basis of these investigation, it is concluded that plant Lantana camara L showed significant activities against several diseases like Anti-inflammtory, antidiabetic, wound healing, anticancer, antispasmodic, anti-hyperglycemic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-microbial, anxiolytic Lantana camara L used by tribals traditionally to treat various infections This review highlighted the traditional use of this plant.

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Received on 24.08.2021 Modified on 20.12.2021

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(2):128-131.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00024