INTRODUCTION:

Since ancient times man kind is developing growing and modifying itself as fast than any another creature in the ecosystem resulting to various pros and cons to itself as well other creatures. In this developing era we come across with various health issue that are necessary to be reduced for the better mankind . Medicinal mushrooms are serving as boon since ancient times, it is most widely used as traditional medicine for treatment of various disease, disorder and deficiancy from thousand of year by our ancestors, the Greek physician Hippocrates, circa 450 BC classified the first mushrrom named ‘Amadou’ as potent antinflamatory^.1Basically mushroom is a fungi contains metabolite to develop prescription drugs from biotechnology, some compounds successfully developed into drugs include antibiotics, anti-cancer, cholesterol, ergosterol synthesis inhibitor, psycotropic drugs, immunomodulators, fungisides, hepatoprotic and antidepressant.

Fig: 01- Mushroom

It originates from Kingdom fungi, Phylum Agaricomycetes, Order Agaricales, Family Agaricaceae, Genus Agaricus. There are about 22,000 species of medicinal mushrooms across world from which 75% are found in china, its physical appearance differs from species to species. Although mushroom have long used by various culture across the world undoubtly modern science rediscovered what the ancient knew long time ago that mushroom can be deep reservoirs of powerful medicine, some genome is potentially a natural source of novel mycochemicals, that’s why the intelligent use of these mushroom can boost the host defence mechanism

Synonym:

Toadstool, Fungus, Spore, Sprout, Chanterelle, Champignon (French)

Taxonomical Status:

· Kingdom - Fungi

· Phylum - Agaricomycetes

· Order - Agaricales

· Family - Agaricaceae

· Genus - Agaricus

Fig: 02- Mushroom

Chemical Compositions:

The chemical composition assay includes amounts of total carbohydrates and proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, micro- and macroelements, and vitamins. The investigated medicinal mushroom seemed to be a rich source of nutritional components. Mycelium accumulated more than 2-fold more total protein compared with the fruiting body and reached 37% and 16% of dry weight, respectively. Carbohydrate content in the fruiting body seemed to be conspicuously higher than in the mycelium (50% of dry weight) and reached 80% of dry weight. Quantification of the identified fatty acids indicated that, in general, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in addition, mycelial extracts were tested to inhibit MCF7 breast cancer cells. Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae ethyl acetate extract (GTEAE) extract showed high potential by inhibiting reporter activity by more than 70%. Results demonstrated that GTEAE had a strong effect on inhibitory protein κΒα level in the higher concentration used (200gg/mL), which could be compared with the effect of parthenolide. Furthermore, GTEAE demonstrated strong inhibition of IκΒα phosphorylation.^3,5

Therapeutic applications of Medicinal Mushroom based on Disease, Disorder and Neutraceuticals:

Fig: 03 Medicinal application of Mushroom

Antidiabetic:

Many mushrooms shows antidiabetic effect amongst them is PleurotusPulmonarius has been reported to have a potent remedial effect on diabetic property and considered to be an alternative for type 2 diabetis mellitus treatment. Thepleurotus Pulmonarius is also known as grey oyster mushroom which are commonly used for household reciepes of mushrooms²

Cardiovascular Protectors:

As mushrooms are rich in variopusmicra and macro nutrients they help to provide nutrition and protection to cardiovascular. Several investigation have shown effect of mushroom on LDL, HDL, cholesterol, fasting triacylglycerol, homecysteine, blood pressure homeostatic function and oxidative and inflammatory damage.

The shiitak mushrooms have shown to lower LDL in mice in the laboratory studies, shiitake contain compounds that inhibits the absorption and production of cholesterol in liver E.g. Oyster, Cordycep militaris

ANTIOXIDENT:

As oxidation in body causes serve harm to organ and its function so as to overcome this oxidative stress antioxidant are used. Mushroom are great source of antioxidant as they contains vitamins minerals, riboflavins,⁴

The Resihi, oyster, turkey tail mushroom are used commonly as nutraceutical products E.g. Oyster, Phllinus rimosus

HEPATOPROTECTIVE:

As mushrooms has several uses; Some of the mushrooms acts as Hepatoprotetive agents. Among mushrooms Ganoderma Lucidium shows hepatoprotetive properties these mushrooms are commonly known as reishi mushrooms.

Reishi helps the liver to neutralize toxic chemicals, protecting the liver, it contains antioxidant compound that reduse the degradation of liver. As the liver cells gets damaged when enzyme like “AST and ALT” elevated studies have proved that reishi and other mushrooms have reduced the secretion of these enzyme and thus reducing the harm to liver.¹⁶

Another popular mushrooms is trametesversicolor or commonly known as Turkey tail mushroom, they are to protect liver form chemical drugs. For example acetaminophen overdosing is one of the major reason for liver transplanting, in the case of using acetaminophen can increase liver toxicity and Turkey Tail mushroom helps to reduse the damage that acetaminophen cause.⁸

In case if cancer certain exctrectsof Turkey Tails are given with chemotherapy. Pleurotis species which includes Oyster mushrooms are commonly used mushroom in kitchen. they show a vast medicinal uses.

Oyster mushrooms influences cholestrol level via effects on the liver they can also reduce damage that a high fat diet can cause to liver antioxidant properties are also seen.E.g Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus.^6,7

ANTICANCER:

Mushrooms have ben values by human form ancient times since last decade the westan research has shown lot lot of interst for the anticancer properties of mushrooms.⁵

The mushrooms credited with succers again cancer belongs to the genus Phellinus, Pluerotus Ganoderma, Clitocybe, Antrodia, Cordyceps, Tramets, Xerocomus, Schizophyllum, Calvatia, Suillus, Flammulina, Inocybe, Inonotus, Lactarius, Funlia, Russula, Fomes and Albatrell.

The anticancer compounds play crucial role as reactive oxygen species induse mitotic rinaseinhibitors, anti-mitotic angiogenesis inhibitors topoisomerase inhibitor, leading to apoptosis and eventually checking cancer proliferation.⁹

The treatment of cancer by medication of mushroom is also known as fungotherapy the fomitosispinicoia. and lnotusablicauus are the species which can serve as typical representation of three different orders and are rich source of dioactive compound such as polyphenol, polysaccharide, glucons, terpenoids, sterodis, cerebraside and proteins which can beused for various cancer.

Form past in east Asian countries like china and Japan Resin mushroom are used as Tradition medicines they use this mushroom for longetivity But recently the studies has proved that reishi mushroom show anti-cancer and anti tumar properties E.g. Ganoderma Lucidum (Reshi).¹¹

Fig: 04- Dry Mushrooms

Nutraceutical Components:

Mushroom nutraceuticals are natural compound found in mushroom that may have health benefit by reducing the risk of certain diseases or bu improving human performance. Mushroom have been reported to contain different kinds of nutraceutical, including lectins, flavonoids, hispolon, calcaelin, proteoglycan, lentinan, B.glucon, triterpanoid, ganoderic acid, nucleoside, nucleotides, and ergosterol.

Mushroom is the potential health promoting and diseases preventing effect of mushroom nutraceuticals have been attributed to broad range of biological activities depend upon the chemical structure and their interactions with biochemical processes including anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, and anti-hypercholesterolemic activity.

Mushroom have attracted much research intrest because among other benefits they are good source of B- glucons some properties such molecular mushroom are important source of food but they are not only consumed for the better flavor and taste but also for important nutritional value. Mushroom provide a high protein and low caloric diet and can thus be recommended to hearts patient they also contain all the essential amino acid required by an adult.¹⁴

Mushroom is reported to be an excellent source of riboflavin and ascorbic acid. Mushroom are absence of starch they are the good for the diabetic patient. E.g. Grey and yellow mushroom, Shiitake, Maiitake

Vitamin Content:

Mushroom are one of the best source of vitamin especially vitamin B content of edible mushrooms has been reported by Esselen and Fellers (1946) et .al (1953) and Litchfield (1964). Various studies have confirmed that mushroom are valuable that the most abundant vitamin in A. bisporusincluded niacin and riboflavin other important vitamin included ascorbic acid, vitamin B1, and vitamin B3.

A. bisporus found that vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 were 0.03 and 0.025mg respectively E.g. Oyster, Button mushroom^.12

Minerals Content:

A. bisporus is considerd an important source of mineral, predominately rich in Copper (Cu) Cobalt (Co) Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se) Pottasium (K) and, magnese (Mn). The principle mineral constituent of fruiting bodies in mushrooms are Phosphers (P) and Pottasium (K), followed by Calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg) and, Sodium (Na) these minral found in A. bispours the role is health benefits potassium, phosphers, sodium and magnesium constituent about 56 to 70% total ash content of mushrooms. E.g

Source of Fiber:

Fiber is frequently classified as soluble or insoluble fiber dissolve in water and consists of pectins, gums, and some hemicellulose. Soluble fiber has shown to be effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes by reducing total blood cholesterol and regular blood sugar level.¹⁰

Medicinal mushroom are characterized by having cell wall polysaccharides and proteins as well as fungal secondary metabolites including ligins, triperpens and phenolic that have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity.

The benefits of mushroom dietary fiber that have been studied including immune inhancing and anti-tumor activity in blood.¹³

The DF source is cereals, fruits, legumes and vegetables, mushroom or fungi are underutilized. Edible mushroom or macro fungi are rich source of Dietary fiber.

Immunomodulatior:

As mushroom shows many therapeutic effect, but immunomodulator effect has got much interest as growth in immunotherapy sector, Immunomodulator mushrooms can be classified based on the chemical constituent they contains such as lectins, terpenoids and polysaccharides. These immunomodulators mushroom proliferate and active innate immune system components such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages and stimulate cytokinase expression and secretion

Immunomodulator are of three categories Immunosuppresant, immunostimulant and immunoadjuantant. The Hericiumerinaceus can modulate the immuo-effect by inducing nitric-oxide production increasing expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interlukin (IL)-IB E.g Grifola frondosa, Agaricus Blazei, Turkey tail

Antidepressant:

The researchers at the center for Psychedelic Research at Imperial Collegen Londonhas isolated compound names Psilocybin .Psilocybin the active compound “magic mushromm” may be atleast as effective as a leading antidepressant medication in a therapeutic setting the study of 59 patinets with major depression tested the antidepressant escitalopram against psilocybin which is a psychedelic substance in hallucinogenic mushroom over six weeks it appeared that just two doses of psilocybin were at least as effective as daily escitalopram pills E.g. Magic Mushroom

Fig: 05- Medicinal Mushrooms

CONCLUSION:

As we commonly see mushroom as food, but they are beneficial to our health like no other. From this review we have learn and understood several medicinal and nutraceutical uses of mushrooms. We have seen many varieties of mushrooms with different properties and accordingly different benefits like some of the mushrooms greatly acts as anticarcinogenic as well as they are loaded with fibers and minerals which we can consume as preventive step towards cancer. As mushrooms have several nutraceutical values they help for overall growth and development of body.

Mushrooms were used as food from several centuries, but we came to know there effect and benefits recently due to extensive research by scientists and because of growing interests of researchers in this field several uses like uses of mushrooms as nutraceutical, antidiabetic, anticancer are some of the benefits and many more uses are yet to be discovered.

REFERENCE:

1. Smith, Rowan and Sullivan. Medicinal Mushrooms: Their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments. Cancer Reseach UK.2002

2. Sushila Rathee, Dharmender Rathee, Deepti Rathee, Vikash Kumar, Permender, Rathee. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz. J. Pharmacogn 2012; 22(2): 459-74.

3. Halpern. Georges.M. Healing, Mushrooms. NY: Square one publishers; 2007.p.1-33

4. T A Ajith, K K. Janardhanan: Indian, Medicinal Mushrooms as a Source of, Antioxidant and Antitumor Agents. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 40, 157–162, May 20075.

5. Smith, Rowan and Sullivan. Medicinal Mushrooms: Their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments. Cancer Reseach UK. 2002

6. Antioxidative activities of the polysaccharides extracted from the mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. 11 th International, Congress on Engineering and Food, Food, Process Engineering in a Changing World, Athens, Greece, Congress Proceeding. (2), pp. 1383-1384.

7. Halpern. Georges.M. Healing Mushrooms. NY: Square one publishers; 2007.p.1-33.

8. Wasser S.P (2002). Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60; 258–274.

9. John E. Smith, Neil J. Rowan, Richard Sullivan. Medicinal mushrooms: a rapidly developing area of biotechnology for cancer therapy and other bioactivities. Biotechnology Letters 24: 1839–1845, 2002

10. Carvalho SA, Coelho JV, Takahashi JA. Screening filamentous tropical fungi for their nutritional potential as sources of crude proteins, lipids and minerals. Food Sci Technol Int. 2010; 16(4): p.315-20.

11. Friedman, M. (2016). Mushroom polysaccharides: chemistry and antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticancer, and antibiotic properties in cells, rodents, and humans. Foods 5, 80. doi:10.3390/foods5040080 |

12. Jayachandran, M., Xiao, J., and Xu, B. (2017). A critical review on health promoting benefits of edible mushrooms through gut microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18. doi:10.3390/ijms18091934

13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_fungi

14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom

15. Dickinson C, Lucas J (1982). VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–11.

16. Dickinson C, Lucas J (1982). VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9-11. ISBN 978-0-442-21998-7

Received on 24.08.2021 Modified on 21.09.2021

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(1):50-54.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00011