INTRODUCTION:

Plant-derived drugs have been utilized by the majority of the world population for many years. The word ‘drug’ comes from the old Dutch word drogge that means "to dry", as pharmacists, physicians and ancient practitioners often dried plants for their use as a medicine^1,2,3 Today 25% of all drugs are still derived from trees, shrubs or herbs. From ancient times, chemists and pharmacists have been isolating and purifying the "active" compounds from the plants to produce reliable pharmaceutical drugs^4,5. The active compounds were isolated from the leaf, stem, flowers, seeds, fruit and any other parts of the plant for its medicinal uses.

Many years ago, the father of medicine Hippocrates mentioned about 400 herbal plants and advised, "Let food be your medicine and let medicine be your food"⁶. Mentha arvensis linn. (Figure 1) is also known as Japanese menthol mint. Because this plant is native to Japan and other regions of Europe, Central Asia and Eastern Siberia. All the parts of this plant exhibit therapeutic properties. The plant leaves are in great demand especially in domestic and international markets for the preparation of natural medicines. Juice of leaves is given in diarrhea and dysentery⁷. The leaves are also used for stomach problems and allergies⁸. There are several phytochemicals responsible for their therapeutic action. A wide range of phytochemicals isolated from the Mentha arvensis linn. including terpenoids, alcohols, rosmarinic acids and phenolics. Menthol derived from plant leaves is utilized in pharmaceutical, perfumery and food industries. The oil content of leaves yields 40-50% menthol, which is antiseptic, carminative, refrigerant and stimulant. Essential oil of Mentha arvenisis linn. can be diluted and used against skin infections⁹. Mentha arvensis plant is associated with various pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antifertility and anti-tumor. This review article provides comprehensive detail of Mentha arvensis linn. plant its taxonomic distribution, phytochemicals, traditional usage, modern usage and other pharmacological activities. The vernacular names and taxonomical classification of Mentha arvensis are shown in table no. 1 and table no. 2 respectively.

Figure 1. Mentha arvensis (Pudina)

Table 1. Vernacular names of Mentha arvensis linn.

English	Field mint, Japanese mint, Pennyroyal, Spearmint, Garden mint
Hindi	Ban Pudina, Paudina, Podina, Pudina, pudinah
Sanskrit	Pudina, putiha, podinika, phudino, podina
Arabic	Fodanaje, Fotanaje, Habaqulhind, Naanaaul-hind, Nana, Nana hindi, Nana yabani
Burmese	Bhudina
Canada	Chetni-maruga
Japan	Midorihakka
Nepal	Nawaghya
Kannada	Chetamargugu, chetni-marugu, chetnimaragu, chetnimaruga
Malayalam	Putina, putiina, puttityana
Marathi	Pudina
Persian	Pudinah
Tamil	Iyeccakkirai, iyeccirkirai, kumarakamuli, potina, potina, potina, pudina, pudinah, puthina, putina, putina, putiyana, putiyanmuli, putiyanputina, yechakkirai
Telugu	Igaenglikoora, igaenglikura, pudina, pudinah
Urdu	Ab-i-podina, arq nana, nana (pudina), podina, podina khushk, podina khusk, podina taza, pudina, pudinah

Table 2: Taxonomical classification of Mentha arvensis linn.

Taxonomical Rank	Taxon
Kingdom	Plantae
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Order	Lamiales
Family	Lamiaceae
Genus	Mentha
Species	Mentha arvensis

Botanical Description of Mentha arvensis:

Mentha arvensis Linn. (Figure 1) belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is an erect herbaceous perennial plant that grows 20-80cm on a square, hairy stems. It is rhizomatous and have opposite leaves that are attached to the stem with very short stalks. The leaves of Mentha arvensis linn. are elliptic to oblong-ovate, short-petioled, toothed margins, rounded or blunt-tipped. Diacytic stomata are present on the lower surface of the leaf. The flowers are whorled around upper leaf axils. They are 4-7mm long, 2 lipped, irregular and changes color from white to pink to violet. They have longer stamens than petals. Fruits are brown nutlets^10,11.

Geographical Distribution of Mentha arvensis:

Mentha arvensis linn. is found in Eurasia. It is widely growing in subtropical regions. Mentha arvensis linn. is found around the north pole, extending as far south as New Mexico. It is native to the regions of Europe, western and central Asia¹².

Phytochemical Constituents of Mentha arvensis:

The chemical constituents found in Mentha arvensis plant are α-menthol, neomenthol, isomenthol, d-menthone, isomenthone, menthofuran, menthylacetate, carvomenthone, cineol, p-cymene, aromadendrene, limonine, -phellandrene, pipertone, -pinene, carvacrol, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, -pinene, dipentene, cardinene, and thujone in different proportions depending on the season, type of climate and the plant processing^13,14. It also contains the flavonoids such as quercetin, isorhoifolin, menthoside, vitamin K, thymol and eugenol¹⁵. Majak and Neil et al., examined a new method for the isolation and purification of ethanol-insoluble, phenolic esters of the Mentha arvensis plant. Caffeic acid and p-coumaric are two acylated anthocyanins isolated from acetone powders¹⁶. Two constituents, isolated from the suckers were identified as 3-O-β-sitosterol-glucopyranosyl- (1α-2) fructofuranoside and sucrose¹⁷. Linarin is present in the flower of Mentha arvensis. The volatile constituents of the essential oils are also isolated from different parts (shoot stem, shoot leaf, stolon stem, stolon leaf) of Mentha arvensis. The highest yield of oil (0.62%) present in the shoot leaf while stems produced negligible quantities of oil (0.2%). Menthol was the major component of the extracted oil, with the highest percentage in shoot stem oil (78.16%) and lowest in stolon (runner) stem oil (43.7%). the β-caryophyllene oxide was present in shoot oils, while α-phellandrene and terpinolene were identified in stolen (stem and leaf) oils which were also richer in limonene, menthone and pulegone than the shoot oils. The underground rhizomes of corn mint plants do not yield any essential oil¹⁸. The occurrence of menthofuran (0.01-0.04%) was determined using coupled gas-liquid-thin-layer chromatography in essential oils obtained from plants grown in Argentina, Brazil, Formosa, India, Japan, and South Africa¹⁹. Lipid class and fatty acid compositions of edible tissues of Mentha arvensis are carried out and it was found that the lipid contents on a dry-weight basis were 6.2% and 2.0% - in the leaves and stem. Lipid classes were separated by silicic acid column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography and estimated. Among the non-polar lipids, pigments were the major components. Monogalactosyl diglycerides and digalactosyl diglycerides were the chief constituents of glycolipids. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid among the constituent fatty acids, determined by the gas-liquid chromatography major ones were linoleic and palmitic in the leaves and linoleic and palmitic in the other tissues^20,21.

Traditional and Modern View:

A. Ayurvedic View:

Mentha arvensis linn. is called "Pudina or Putiha" in Ayurveda and used as a medicinal herb since ancient times. This is an aromatic herb which is a natural coolant with a sweet and pungent taste. The herb has the quality to pacify all the three doshas and chiefly manages the Pitta dosha. The mint leaves are owning to their carminative properties which help in digestion and assimilation of food and treats colic pain. The leaf extract is utilized to treat intestinal worms. The leaves are low in calories and contain a minimal amount of protein and fat. It is also rich in Vitamins A, C, iron, potassium and B-complex which enhances healthy skin, bolsters immunity, promotes the brain function and improves the hemoglobin profile. The aromatic essential oils are piled with antioxidants which scavenges the cells from free radical damage and support complete health. Leaves are wonderful appetizer which helps to activate the salivary glands in the mouth. It stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes and promotes the digestion process. Mint oil possesses strong antiseptic and antibacterial and calming nature that helps in the soothing stomach and ease indigestion, inflammation and irritable bowel syndrome. Menthol oil treats diarrhea and relieves nausea caused due to motion sickness. The powerful and refreshing aromatic properties of mint leaves are used in making soothing balms and essential oils which assist in alleviating headache and nausea. The mind leaves help to ward off bacteria causing bad breath. Pudina leaves extract is beneficial in clearing plaque deposited in the teeth. Menthol is the key element which is utilized in most toothpaste, mouthwashes and mouth freshener and chewing gums to combat dental problems^22,23. Rasa Panchak of Pudina is described in table no. 3.

Table 3: Rasa Panchak of Mentha arvensis linn. (Pudina)

Sanskrit/English	Sanskrit/English
Rasa/Taste	Katu/ Bitter /Pungent
Virya/Potency	Ushan/Hot
Vipaka/Metabolic Property	Katu/
Guna/Physical Property	Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshan/ light, Dry, Pungent

B. Folk View:

Mentha arvensis also called field mint and utilized by the Chinese to treat fevers, flu, colds, nosebleeds, throat problems, snake and insect bites and nervous disorders. Chinese people used the leaves of Mentha arvensis in salads and vegetable dishes. In Djakarta, mint grows wild and is used for headaches and colds. The leaves are ground with a bit of lime and put on the temples as a poultice to relieve throbbing headaches or brewed for serious coughs. In New Zealand, mint is utilized as a tonic and to treat colds, flu, headaches, colic, gas and nausea. Mint oil is put on burns to relieve the pain and taken regularly to dissolves gallstones. In India, mint is used to tone the stomach, stimulate the mind and body, rid the intestines of gas, and relieve muscle spasms. Their chutney is also utilized as a medicinal herb. The Arabs uses mint for many ailments including skin diseases. They are one of the few nations who believed that mint was a tonic for the mind and the stomach²⁴.

C. Modern View:

Many issues are faced by the Global herbal drug industry in today's scenario mostly the practice of making these drugs adulterated. This is the major reason why people lost faith in these herbal drugs nowadays^{25,26,27,28,29,30}. In today's time, intentional adulteration is practiced in many different ways like by substituting standard commercial variety, by substituting superficially similar but inferior drugs, by substituting artificially manufactured drugs, the substitution of exhausted drugs and by substituting toxic materials. Adulteration can be either intentional or unintentional. These adulteration processes ultimately degrade the quality of the original drugs. The herbal plant vendors use these adulteration techniques so smartly that these remain undetectable until and unless examination on a microscopic level and chemical level are implied^31,32,33. The major disadvantages associated with adulteration are deterioration and degradation of drugs. Adulteration also increases the cost of drugs and produces adverse effects instead of showing actual biological affect^34,35. The traditional herbal drugs and their formulations are associated with negligible toxicity and are free from any kind of adulteration. Herbal plants have a very important place in both the commercial industry and pharmaceutical industries. Mentha arvensis was utilized as medicine since past times, but menthol crystals are still used in different pharmaceutical products and cosmetics as antiseptic, stimulant and inhibitors. The herb gives minty flavour to various food products. It is also used in products due to its physiological cooling effect. Pakistan spends billions of rupees in importing menthol components in soaps, detergents, cosmetics and perfumes, toothpastes and other industrial products^36.

Reported Therapeutic and Pharmacological Studies of Mentha arvensis:

Various researches have been conducted on this plant to find out its therapeutic and pharmacological uses. Large-scale scientific studies are still needed to prove the clinical efficacy of this herb, especially in skin diseases, immunomodulatory disorders and anti-peptic. Some reported studies on Mentha arvensis plant are shown in table no. 4.

1. Antibacterial Activities:

Imai et al., reported the antibacterial activity of essential oils of Mentha arvensis against Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aurens and S. aureus. The antibacterial activities varied among the bacterial species tested but were almost the same against antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive strains of H. pylori and S. aureus³⁷.

2. Antioxidant Activities:

Santos et al., reported antioxidant activity of cineole against the ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. The result revealed that the cineole extract of Mentha arvensis plant possesses antioxidant activity³⁸. Another study reported that the flavonoids like quercetin, which is present in the mint possess antioxidant activity. The result showed scavenge OH and superoxide free radicals and also inhibit the lipid peroxidation^39,40. Kong et. al., reported great antioxidant activity of eugenol, terpenes and flavonoids extracts of leaves of Mentha arvensis plant⁴¹.

3. Antifertility Activities:

Sharma et. al., reported antifertility activity of the petroleum ether extract of leaves of Mentha arvensis in male albino mice. The extract was administered orally at the doses of 10 and 20mg/day/mouse for 60 days. The petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Mentha arvensis was found to possess reversible antifertility in male mice ⁴². Sharma et al., studied reversible contraceptive efficacy of methanol extract of leaves of Mentha arvensis in male albino mice. An aqueous extract was administered orally in male mice of proven fertility for 20, 40 and 60 days. With the increase in treatment duration, it was found that there is a corresponding decrease in the mean weight of testis and accessory organs of reproduction. Sperm concentration, motility, and viability in the cauda epididymis were also decreased⁴³.

4. Cardioprotective Activity:

Saima et. al., investigated the cardio protective activity of crude extract of Mentha arvensis and their effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. The crude extract inhibited arachidonic acid metabolite thromboxane B2-a stable analogue of thromboxane-A2. Mentha arvensis was found to possess antiplatelet activity as thromboxane-B2 (i.e. the strongest proponents of platelet aggregation). It was found to inhibit human platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid as well as by adenosine diphosphate. The result showed inhibition of platelet aggregation and enhancing glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with ischemic heart disease⁴⁴.

5. Anti-allergic and Anti-inflammatory Activity:

Farnaz et al., reported anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Mentha arvensis against histamine-induced paw edema in mice. Results revealed that the ethanolic extract of leaves and roots of Mentha arvensis possess anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity⁴⁵.

6. Anti-Tumor Activity:

Shin et al., examined the anti-tumor activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Mentha arvensis. The effect of aqueous extract of Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv (MAAE) showed effect on immunologic and non-immunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions. Nonimmunologic anaphylactic reaction was induced artificially by compound 48/80 injection. The result showed that MAAE inhibits systemic anaphylactic reaction induced by compound 48/80. Moreover, MAAE had a significant inhibitory effect in anti-DNP IgE-mediated tumor necrosis factor production⁴⁶.

7. Radioprotective Activity:

Jagetia et al., reported the radioprotective effect of chloroform extract of Mentha arvensis in mice. Various doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80mg/kg body weight) were exposed against 10Gy gamma radiations. The result showed 10mg/kg of mint extract possesses the best protection against radioactivity as they have a higher number of survivors in this group as compared to others⁴⁷.

CONCLUSION:

Mentha arvensis (Pudina) is a popular flavouring agent utilized in meat, fish, sauces, soups, ice-creams, stews, vinegar, teas, tobacco and cordials. It is also considered as a therapeutic plant for the treatment of various ailments since past times. Mentha arvensis is a rich storehouse of chemical constituents like α-menthol, neomenthol, isomenthol, d-menthone, isomenthone, menthofuran, menthylacetate, carvomenthone, cineol, p-cymene, aromadendrene, limonine, -phellandrene, pipertone, -pinene, carvacrol, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, -pinene, dipentene, cardinene, thujone and many others. Menthol is the most popular constituent present in the Mentha arvensis. Menthol is a waxy, crystalline substance utilized for various medical purposes. From reported studies, it is clear that the Mentha arvensis plant contains various chemical constituents which play a vital role in the pharmaceutical and industrial application to produce modern herbal formulation. Formulation is associated with various therapeutic and medicinal properties like antioxidant, antifertility, antibacterial, cardio protective, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and many more.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Declered none.

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Received on 23.04.2021 Modified on 01.05.2021

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2021; 13(3):143-148.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00024

Sr. No.	Extract	Method In-vivo/ In -vitro	Pharmacological Activity	References.
1.	Essential oil	Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aurens and S. aureus	Antibacterial	37
2.	Cineole	Rat Model	Antioxidant	41,39,40
3.	Quercetin	Rat Model	Antioxidant	41,39,40
4.	Petroleum Ether	Male Albino Mice	Antifertility	42,43
5.	Aqueous Extract	Male Albino Mice	Antifertility	42,43
6.	Crude Extract	Clinical study	Cardioprotective	44
7.	Ethanolic Extract	Mice Model	Anti-allergic & Anti-inflammatory	45
8.	Aqueous Extract	In-vitro	Anti-tumor	46
9.	Chloroform	Mice Model	Radio-protective	47