INTRODUCTION: [8,1]

The English world tobacco originates from the Espanola and portages word tobacco. The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is usually through to have derived at least in part from taint, the reawaken language of the Caribbean in taint. Tobacco is the name of several plants in the nicotine genus and the (nightshade) family, and the general term for any product prepare from the cured leaves of the tobacco plant more than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chief commercialized crop is N. tabacum.

Tobacco is the plant grown for its leaves which are dehydrated and fermented before being put in tobacco products. Nicotine is content of tobacco which has been generating addiction. In tobacco there are several harmful chemicals also found which are created by burning it and it can be also leads to addiction.

TOBACCO CONTAINS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: [1]

The most important constituents is the;

· Alkaloid nicotine

· Nicotianin

· Nicotinine

· Nicoteine

· Nicoteline

The vitro addition of 7, 8 benzoflavone discouragement aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in hepatic microsomes from methylcholanthrene.

CONFIGURATIONAL CHARACTERS:[1]

· COLOUR: slightly brown (green)

· SIZE: 62 to 80 cm in length, 35 to 45 cm width

· SMELL: characteristic of nicotine

· TASTE: sour (bitter)

· SHAPE: ovate

TYPES OF TOBACCO:[8]

1. Bright leaf tobacco

2. Burley tobacco

3. Criollo tobacco

4. Turkish tobacco

5. Shade tobacco

6. Wild tobacco

7. Dokha tobacco

CLIMATE REQUIRES FOR TOBACCO: [1]

Climate requires for tobacco farming is basically tobacco is semi tropical crop but can be successfully grown in tropical area. It requires 210°C to 310°C temperatures during growth period. Tobacco is very delicate to the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The best soils are those which are open well clear and properly aerify.

The tobacco plant is very delicate to injury from flooding or inundation of the soil. The hazardous ph of soil is 5.0 to 6.0 but, in the many farming is successful where; the ph is 8 or more.

Test for nicotine determination of tobacco: [12]

An aqueous extract sample of tobacco, pre-reacting the extract with an acidic buffered solution of PH not more than 6 for at least 2min, reacting the pre-reacted extract in the discrete analyzer with aniline and cyanogens bromide, measuring the intensity of yellow coloration generated, and comparing said intensity with that producing by nicotine standard to determine the nicotine content of said sample.

Fungi separation from tobacco leaves: [9]

5094 fungi separated from 3240 pieces non-flu cured leaf tissue, 89.5% comprised 5 Genera, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Tricoderma and Nigrospora. Of 2094 fungi separated from 3240 pieces of flue – cured leaf tissue, 70.9% were Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Aaspergillus and Nigrospora. Flue – cured and non flue – cured brown spot lesions gathered at 2 spots yielded 12 and 14 genera of fungi, respectively. Alternaria, Penicillium, Phoma and Stemphyllium comprised 91.5% of the 2245 fungi separated from non- cured and 87.1% of the 1118 fungi separated from the cured lesions. The number and types of fungi obtained from diseased and healthy tissue were decreases but not removed by flue – curing.

How do people use tobacco? [6]

· Bidis: It contains of small amount of tobacco and hand – packed in dehydrated temburni leaf and tide with thread.

· Cigarettes: It contains reconstituted tobacco processed with many chemicals. Some time with filter, they are prepared by machine.

· Kreteks: These are type of cigarette and their flavored are clove. It contains wide range of exotic flavorings and eugenol, which has an anaesthetizing effect, allowing for dipper smoke inhalation.

· Sticks: These are prepared from of sun – cured tobacco known as brus and packed in cigarette paper.

TOBACCO CONTAINS NICOTINE: [4,2,1]

Nicotine molecular formula: C10 H14 N2

Molar mass: 162.23gm/mol

Addiction liability: High

Melting point: 79°c {-110°F}

Nicotine is colorless, pungent, yellowish oily liquid or chemical having acid burning taste that contains nitrogen. It is the chief active ingredient of tobacco it also produce artificially it act as a stimulant in small dosage, but in larger amount of blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells. In water solution, it is sometime use as insecticides and plant spray.

Nicotine is most powerful and addictive drug known to humanity. Chemical dependency on nicotine is stronger than alcoholism, heroin addiction. Nicotine is a highly toxic; the amount inspired while smoking tobacco is too small to cause death.

Effects of nicotine on our body:[5]

Concentration and memory:

Nicotine is increase of acetylcholine and nor epinephrine. Nor epinephrine also increases the sensation of arousal, or wakefulness.

Reduced anxiety:

Nicotine has been increased level of beta-endorphin. Beta-endorphin is reduced anxiety.

Pharmacological effect:

In pharmacological effect, when the nicotine level increase in human body it leads to increase the number of heart rate, heart muscles oxygen consumption rate, and heart stroke volume.

Psychodynamic effects:

When nicotine is consumed, then their result is shown by the increased alertness, euphoria, and a sensation of being relaxed.

· When Nicotine is highly addictive:

· Hankering

· Anxiety

· Depression

· A feeling of emptiness

· Irritability

Side effects of nicotine/ tobacco on our body: [5,2]

Nicotine deeply affects hormones/neurotransmitters, and it also effect on various systems and organs of our body such as;

Side effect in brain includes:

· Vertiginousness

· Disturb in sleep

· Bad dreams

· Possible blood restriction

Side effect in digestive tract:

· Gastric ulcer

· Crohn’s disease

· Esophageal and colon cancer

· Xerostomia

· Acidity/heart burn

Side effect in reproductive system:

Male reproductive system;

· less sperm count

· less sperm quality

· Reduction in sperm fertility

· Reduction in testis size and weight

· Oligospermia

Female reproductive system;

· Premature menopause

· Problem in fertility

· Birth problem

Side effect of smoking during pregnancy:

· Clef palates

· Pre-term birth

· Respiratory difficulties

· Low birth weight

· Lower IQ.

Diagnosis of nicotine level: [10]

Evaluation of cotinine level in saliva, blood and urine:

Test of cotinine in saliva: the small particles, minimum protein binding and water solubility increases concentration of cotinine in saliva by 15% - 40% thus cotenine quantify in saliva becomes a non invasive, easy and sell tolerated collection procedure when multiple sample are required over a limited time. The above test carried by authors to detect the cotinine in saliva to distinguish tobacco users from non – users.

Test of cotinine in blood: the one cotinine and 3- hydroxycotine (3 – HC) nicotine can all the quantify in blood but cotinine as longer half – life equate to other therefore, it is considered as preferred. The above test conducts on blood cotinine.

Test of cotinine in urine: This test in mostly use by biomarker in tobacco users is urine cotinine.

Treatment of tobacco addiction: [3,11]

There are many demonstrate medication and therapies available in now days to help person to quit tobacco addiction that support tobacco cessation, including both behavioral therapies and FDA approved medications. FDA approve pharmacotherapy’s include nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).

NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY:

Nicotine replacement therapy is a way of intake nicotine without smoking.NRT liberates nicotine into the blood stream at lower dosage, than tobacco smoke.

A variety of preparation of NRT’s are available over the counter including the transdermal patch, spray, gum and lozenges and are equally effective for cessation.

Examples of NRT include:

· Nicotine patch: nicotine patch is stick on skin, where it is normally remain for entire day before being replaced. The nicotine absorb into blood stream through the skin. A particular nicotine patch cores lasts from 8 – 12 weeks.

· Nicotine gum: this is masticating gum that contains nicotine. The nicotine absorb into blood stream through the mucosal lining of the mouth. There are different dosage are available.

· Nicotine lozenge: this is available on tablet form. This tablet dissolves in the mouth and delivers a small dose of nicotine into the blood stream through the mucosal lining of the mouth. There are 2 mg and 4mg dosage.

· Nicotine nasal spray: user intake sprays a solution which contain nicotine directly into a muzzle the nicotine absorb into blood stream through the nasal membranes.

NRT’s stimulate the brain receptors targeted by nicotine, helping relieve nicotine withdrawal symptoms and craving that lead to relapse.

Medicational treatment:

There are following medicines are available in market on now days, to treat tobacco addiction such as;

· Varineciline: varineciline is a prescription medication used to treat smoking addiction. It helps to reduce nicotine addiction by stimulating the α-4 and β-2 nicotinic receptor but to laser degree than nicotine.

· Bupropion: it is a primarily medication used to treat smoke addiction. It works by inhibiting the reuptake of the brain chemicals norepinephrine and dopamine as well as stimulating their release.

Psychological and behavioral treatment:

People who have suffered from tobacco addiction these are success with following methods;

· Cognitive-behavioral therapy

· Hypnotherapy

· Neuro -linguistic programming

The above methods help the user to change their think about tobacco addiction. These therapies are worked to alter feeling or behaviors of users brain connections with tobacco use. This treatment for tobacco addiction needs to combination of methods. Keep in mind that works for one person won’t essential work for another.

CONCLUSION:

In this review paper we obtain information about tobacco and their chemical constituents, types configurational characters, essential climate for tobacco production and test of separation from tobacco leaves. To study of tobacco addiction and their effect on various body parts and their different test for diagnosis and scientific approach of treatment to overcome tobacco addiction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

We are thankful to ahinsa institute of pharmacy for providing us guidance of Prof. Paresh A. Patil (HOD) and the available facilities of college library to do work.

REFERENCE:

1. Pooja A.M, Apsari Anjum, Shashank Nayak N., Shwetha Kamath KS, Scientific approach to treat tobacco addiction – A review, pharma tutor, volume 7, issue 05, published on sep. 2019.

2. https://www.bendmemorialclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Effects-of-Tobacco-on-the-Body-and-Brain3-long.pdf

3. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181299

4. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nicotine

5. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820#effects

6. https://www.who.int/tobacco/en/atas4.pdf

7. https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/abq2853

8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco

9. R.E. Welty, G.B. Lucas, J.T. Fletcher and H. Yang, Fungi isolated from tobacco leaves and brown – spot lesions before and after flue – curing, market quality research division, US Department of agriculture, American society of microbiology, vol – 16, no – 9, published on sep – 1968.

10. Mitali raja, Aarti garg, Pramod yadav, Kunal jha, Sahil handa, Dignostic method for detection of cotinine level in tobacco users: A Review, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research, 2016 march, vol - 10(3): ZE04 – ZE06.

11. 11.https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/what-are-treatments-tobacco-dependence.

12. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4783418A/en.

Received on 31.08.2020 Modified on 21.09.2020

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2020; 12(4):231-234.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2020.00039.4