INTRODUCTION:

As we know that India is called the botanical garden of the due to its large contribution of the herb producing capacity in the world. [1] Drugs from the plant source are use from medical benefit. [2]. Plants, especially medicinal plants play an important as well as a key role in drug discovery, and these are very useful for curing various disease ailments for humankind [3,4] The utilization of various medicinal plants as a vital source for relief from different illness can be traced back over five millennia [5].

The plants are used in the treatment of human diseases all the time. From the last century, a scientificinterest for phytotherapy increased in several medical fields such as immunology, oncology, haematology andthe use of plants in medicine has affected the identification of natural compounds: cocaine, morphine,vinblastine, taxolo, codeine are some examples [6] The use of the traditional plants combating microbial diseases is becoming the focus of numerous studies.About 3.4 billion peoples in the developing world depend on plant based traditional medicines natural products have been an integral part of the ancient traditional medicine systems [7] Corchorusolitorius called Jews mallow or jute mallow in English. It is an important green leafy vegetable in many countries including Egypt, Sudan, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, as well as Japan, the Caribbean and Cyprus [8] Many plants synthesize substances, like phenols, which are useful to human health. Their health benefits (antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerogenic, and antiviral effects) originate from the antioxidative effects of these phytochemicals, which are based on their ability to inhibit various free radicals leading to the preservation of biological molecules against oxidation [9] Plant pigments have a very important role in the protection of photosynthetic system, as well as protection of plant organism itself from the negative influences of sun radiation.[10]

Synonyms:

Malva neglecta is the only accepted name of this species [11] Rishyaprokta, Kankatika, Balika, Rishagadha, Bhuribala.12

Vernacular names:

Tamil: PerumTutti, PaniyaraHutti, thuthi

Bengali: Petari, Jhapi

Marathi: Mudra

Gujarati: Khapat, Dabali, Kamsaki

Malayalam: Vellula

Arabian: Masthul Gola

Hindi: Kanghi, Kakahi

Kannada: Tutti

Telugu: Tutturu Benda, Duvvenakaya, DuvvenaKayalu

Farsi: Darakhtashaan [12]

Common names:

Arabic: Khubbaizah;

German: Käsepappel, Weg-Malve;

Swedish: skärkattost;

Turkey: ebegumeci, develik, gomec, komec, ebegomeci, tolık [13-14]

English: common mallow, dwarf mallow [15] Smallwhorl mallow, cheeseweed, and cheeseweed mallow. [16] Abutilon, Indian mallow.

Habitat: Present in sub-Himalayan tract and hills up to 1,200 m and hotter parts of India. [12]

Taxonomic classification:

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Superdivision: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Dilleniidae

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Malva

Species: Malva neglecta 16, 17

Fig. 1. Anthracnose symptoms on Chinese mallow plants observed in the greenhouse. A, grayish brown spots on the leaves; B, brown to dark brown lesions on the petioles and stems; C and D, lesions on the stems originating from the soil surface line.

Photochemistry:

The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the M. sylvestrisshowed the presence of polysaccharides, coumarins, flavonoids, malvin, malvidin 3-(6”-malonylglucoside)-5-glucoside, malvone A (2-methyl- 3-methoxy-5,6-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) malvaline, scopoletin, polyphenols, niacin, folic acid, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and tannins [36,39-42]. Major flavonoids constituents gossypetin 3-sulphate-8-O-β-D-glucoside, hypolaetin 3’-sulphate, and three 8-hydroxyflavonoids were identified in M. sylvestris [18-19] Cutilloet al. (2006) [40] have also reported the presence of terpenoids such as sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and monoterpenes in the M. sylvestris. Farhan et al., (2012) reported phytochemical screening showed that both the leaves and stems of M. parvifloracontain the polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, resin and saponin in leaves and stem of the plant.They also demonstrated that the total phenolic content (TPC) was found at higher levels in the stems and leaves of M. parvifloraand this amount was at 40 mg/ml [20]

Pharmacological activity

Antioxidant activity:

M. sylvestrishas been reported to possess antioxidant property. Della Grecaet al. [22] The plant contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. M. parviflorahas shown significant antioxidant potential

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Studied the role ofthe aqueous extract of M. sylvestrisaerial part upon lipemia, glycemia, inflammation, and gastric ulcer using rats as a model and significantanti-inflammatory activity was observed and reported the anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract and aqueous extract of M. parvifloraleaves. [16]

Antinociceptiveactivity:

Theantinociceptive activity of M. sylvestrisaqueous extract was evaluatedagainst classical models of pain in mice by Esteveset al.

Antimicrobial activity:

M. sylvestrisposes antimicrobial activity against various bacterialand fungal species. [23]

Anti-irritant activity:

The acute and chronic irritant response was exhibited by the chloroform extracts of M. parviflora. Hexane and ethanol extracts also showed acute irritant response.

Antibacterial activities:

Ododoet al., (2016) reported that the chloroform extract of M. parviflorashowed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli (15±0.41mm) and MIC value of 20 mg/mL, while the ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity against only S. aureus with diameter of zone of inhibition (18±3.20mm) and MIC value of 15mg/mL

Antifungal activity:

Islam et al., (2010) assayed the antifungal activity of hexone and chloroform extracts of M. porviflora Aspergillusniger and Aspergillusoryzae

Analgesic activity:

In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. [16]

Hepatoprotective activity:

M. sylvestriswas found to exhibit hepatoprotective activity againstparacetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. [24]

Neuroprotective activity:

Aslam and Sial (2014) reported that ethanol extract of leaves of M. parviflorapossesses significant antioxidant potential. [16]

Wound healing activity:

Several studies have proven wound healing activity of M. sylvestris. [25] A hot poultice made from leaves is used to treat wounds and swellings. M. parvifloraleaves and roots revealed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro via inhibition of COX-1 enzyme. [16]

Anti-urolithiasis effects effect:

The anti-urolithiasis effects of aqueous extracts of Malva neglecta (intraperitoneal injections of 200 and 800 mg/kg for 28 days) was investigated in ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride induced kidney stones in rats. [15]

Anti diarrhoeal activity:

Leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum were evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal activity by gastro-intestinal motility, castor oil-induced diarrhoea.

Larvicidal activity:

Larvicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone and methanolic extracts of Abutilon indicum were assayed for their toxicity. [12]

TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES:

· The ancient healers and herbalists use the dried powder procured from the leaves and roots of M. parviflorato clean wounds and sores.

· A hot poultice made from leaves is has also been worked as a used in the treatment of the wounds and swelling and is incorporated into a lotion to treat bruised and broken limbs.

· The leaves of M. parvifloraused for drawing swollen, inflamed purulent wounds. However, if ingested it could be toxic as M. parviflorais reported to cause mortality in foraging livestock, such as sheep, horses and cattle.

· Sheep are the most often affected and develop clinical signs including staggering, trembling arched back and laboured breathing. Malvalic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid previously referred to as halphen acid, may contribute to the toxic effects of M. parviflora 26-27 Due to its high mucilage content, it was used as soothing demulcent herbs, especially for cases of inflammation, either for the urinary, digestive or respiratory systems. Pregnant women or new mothers used mallow leaves as a source of iron, zinc and vitamins.

· Malva neglectawas substituted for spinach in many dishes, including soups, salads, gnocchi and quiche [28]

CONCLUSIONS:

M. sylvestrisis an important resourceful plant due to its various medicinal properties. It possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities as evident from this review. A broad range of phytochemical components such as polysaccharides, coumarins, anthocyanin,malvin, malvidin 3-(6”-malonylglucoside)-5-glucoside, malvone A (2-methyl-3- methoxy-5,6-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) malvaline, scopoletin, polyphenols, niacin, folic acid, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and tannins reviewed that it possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, and antimicrobial activities. Extensive literature survey revealed the promising pharmacological includes antibacterial, antifungal antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities of the extract and isolated molecules of this.

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Received on 14.08.2020 Modified on 29.08.2020

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2020; 12(4):227-230.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2020.00038.2