INTRODUCTION:

Plants products were exclusively used as a medicine in Ayurveda which is noticed as Herbal formulations. There are many pharmacological studies have been performed on the plant extracts to know their chemical composition also to confirm the indication of traditional medicine.¹

The fresh herbal gel or juice products have been used for medical as well as cosmetic purposes. From many of the research it is found that herbal products are superior to synthetic manufactured products. Polyherbal formulation has been used all round the world thanks to its medicinal and therapeutic application. The concept of this polyherbal formulation has well noticed in the ancient literature.

Hence this review is going to conclude that compared to the single herb, polyherbal formulation has a better and extended therapeutic potential by different herbs used for different diseases by a researcher.²

Herbal formulations are becoming popular in present days particularly in the treatment of Type II Diabetes mellitus due to its lesser side effect and low cost. Poly herbal formulations, the name itself are indicating as multiple ingredients of different herbal origin. The plant ingredients may have wide spectrum of biological activities. Polyherbal formulations are mainly used to enhance the activity or to counteract the toxic effects of compounds used from the other plants. This review presents the effect of polyherbral formulation on anti-diabetic activity with a suitable different polyherbal formulation also focuses the comparison with monoherbal formulation.³

Diabetes mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves (Hyperglycaemia). The major categories of diabetes mellitus are: Insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus, type 1 or IDDM; Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2or NIDDM; secondary DM or type S; Impaired glucose tolerance, IGT; Gestational diabetes; and previous abnormality of glucose tolerance. It is also referred as Black-death from the 14^th century from earlier time plants of the total plant species are being used in the treatment of many diseases. But however only about 5 % of the total plant species has been thoroughly tested for its safety and efficacy. The study of literature confesses the various parts of different herbs which have been used for anti-diabetic activity. Here we enlisting some of herbal drugs with potential antidiabetic activity and reported with its mechanism of action⁴.

Mechanism of action of herbal antidiabetics⁵:

The antidiabetic activity of herbs relay upon collection of mechanisms. The mechanism of action of herbal anti-diabetic could be organised as:

· Adrenomimeticism, pancreatic beta cell potassium channelblocking, cAMP (2nd messenger) stimulation

· Reticence of renal glucose reabsorption.

· Incentive of insulin secretion from beta cells of islets or/and inhibition of insulin dictated process.

· Shrinkage ofinsulin resistance

· Imparting certain chief element like calcium, zinc, magnesium, manganese and copper for the beta-cell.

· Renovating and/or repairing pancreatic beta cells

· Widen the size and number of cells in the islets of Langerhans

· Stimulation of insulin secretion

· Stimulation of glycogenesis and hepatic glycolysis

· Vigillant response on the eradication of the beta cells

· Recovery in digestion as well as reduction in blood glucose and urea

· Avoidance of pathological conversion of starch to glucose

· Blockage of β -galactocidase and α–glucosidase

· Cortisol menacing activities

· Blockage of alpha-amylases

Fig. 1: Antidiabetic phytoconstituents and its mode of action

Plant name	Part used	Mode of action	Author
Holarrhena antidysenterica⁶	Leaves	Significant reduction of fasting blood sugar level	Karunakaregde, Jaisal KK
Carica papaya⁷	Seeds	Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic activities in the Streptozotocin – Nicotinamideinduced Type 2 diabetic rats	Venkateshwarlu et al
Aegle marmelos⁸	Leaf Extract	Reduced the oxidative stress induced by alloxan and produced a reduction in blood sugar.	Sabu and Kuttan
Ocimum sanctum⁹	Leaf extract	Therapeutic effect in type 2 diabetes patients	G. Somasundaram et al
Azadirachta indica¹⁰	Oil extract	Reduce the blood glucose level in a short period of time	Dr Nagashayan Dr Jagadeesh K and Dr Shreenivas P Revankara G
Abroma augusta¹¹	Leaves exract	Seeds of Syzygiumcumini is more efficiouscompared to leaves extract of Abromaaugusta	LaizumanNahar et al.
Syzygium cumini	Seeds		LaizumanNahar et al.
Holoptelea integrifolia¹²	Seeds extract	Significant hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats.	Manojkumar.T and Neerati Prasad
E. citriodora¹³	Leaf	Antidiabeticactivity	Arjun Patra, Shivesh Jha and Alakh N Sahu
Jasmine¹⁴	Oil	Presents antidibetic activity by Enhanced glucose uptake in rat L6 myogenic cells	L. Kaviya, S. Kavitha, V. Vishnupriya, and R. Gayathri
Costus igneus¹⁵	Leaves	Antidiabetic activity in OGTT and alloxan induced model	Bhat Vishnu et al.
Jasminum grandiflorum¹⁶	Ethanolic extract of flower	Rational use as ethno medicine in treating dibetes-millitus	Shiva Kumar Swamy et al.
Annona squamosa¹⁷	Leaf extract	Anti- diabetic activity in in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats	Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Dinesh Kumar C, Bodla R
Catharanthus roseus¹⁸	Powder of leaves	Increased plasma insulin concentration and insulin sensitivity	KarunaRasineni et al.
Carica papaya¹⁹	Leaf extract	Study ameliorates metabolic derangement caused by alloxan-induced diabetes in rats	Abiola F Adenowo, Muhibah F Ilori, Fatai O Balogun and Mutiu I Kazeem
Elephantopus scabar²⁰	Extract	It shows a probing mechanism also the Elephantopus scabar clearly shows that it could improve the diabetic condition by increasing insulin secretion.	Jasmine et al.

Comparative application of Polyherbal and monoherbal formulation with potential antidiabetic activity

Drug formulation in ayurveda is based on to principles: Use as single drug and use of multiple drugs which is later known as Polyherbal formulation. Even though the active phytochemical constituents of individual plants have been well established, they usually present in minute amount and always they are insufficient to achieve the desirable therapeutic effects.²¹

Here some of the polyherbal formulations were discussed below.

Prabhat Upadhyay et al., reported on novel formulation of diabetes induced rats using a standardized polyherbal formulation containing hydro-alcoholic extracts of Bacopa monnieri, Hippophaerhamnoides and Dioscorea bulbifera and concluded that The polyherbal formulation contains multiple active constituents may impart its therapeutic action by enhancing acetylcholine concentration, attenuating hyperglycaemia, reducing oxidative stress and neuro inflammation.²² Abdul Azeez et al., reported the anti-diabetic effect of polyherbal formulation of Kathakakhadi Radikashyam which shows lowering of blood glucose level also the study compares antidiabetuc activity with glibenclamide for streptomycin induced rats.²³ Kasireddy Paul Babu et al., evaluated the anti-diabetic efficacy ofpolyherbal formulation which consist of thirteen plant origin and the result concluded that extract of Polyherbal formulation exerts significant hypoglycaemic activity also its capable of control of Hyperglycaemia. So they had concluded that the secondary complications of diabetes are treated passively with Polyherbal formulation.²⁴ C. Hari Kumar et al, research exhibited the significant antidiabetic activity of polyherbal formulation containing Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum extracts And confirms the utility of this polyherbal preparation in diabetes-associatedcomplications by comparing it with a standard drug.²⁵

P. Balakrishnaiah, T. Satyanarayana were studied the polyherbal formulation by using methanolic extract for its anti-diabetic activity against streptomycin induced diabetes rat model which shows significant reduction of blood glucose level after oral administration²⁶ T.G. Nithya, M. Divagar, L. Juliet were formulated and evaluated the polyherbal formulation containing 10 different herbs of Seendhil formulation which shows a significant and higher inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes from preliminary phytochemical screening.²⁷Tripathi Nagja. et al. reported that the developed polyherbal formulation shows the significant reduction of blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes. The presence of one of the herb is reported to have and insulin like action and reported Myristica fragrans produces hypoglycemic activity due to PPAR γ/α agonist mechanism thus improving insulin resistance condition.²⁸Aparajeya Panda et al.,focuses the effect of polyherbal mixtures in treatment of dibetesand result shows anti-hypergycemic activity.²⁹Mahajan S.M et al., prepared the polyherbal extracts of different herbs and reported on anti- diabetic activity on alloxan induced diabetic rats which is confirmed from the phytochemical screening.³⁰Navneet Sharma, Anju Goyal were discussed the many herbal drugs and proved the anti -diabetic activity and all the plants discussed in this research exhibit the significant clinical and pharmacological effect also estimated and concluded the hypoglycemic activity of plants.³¹Nishi Saxena and Ameeta Argal were reported the ant- diabetic activity for a polyherbal formulation which confirms that it can be used as an effective oral antidiabetic herbal medicine by the evaluation.³²Mahendra Kumar Sahu et al., developed and evaluated of antidiabetic potential of polyherbal formulation in a streptozotocin induced animal model which is reported that herbal extracts of same were exhibits the significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity which was close to standard drug by observing adecrease in the average blood glucose level of diabetic rats.³³Durgeshnandani Sinha et al., reviewed the uses of different plants in curing diabetes mellitus also presents the plant profile with hypoglycaemic properties³⁴Rajendran Ramesh Petchi, Chockalingam Vijaya, and Subramani Parasuraman were studied the antidiabetic effect of polyherbal formulation for a nicotinamide induced diabetic wistar rats and conclude its potential activity by comparing with glibenclamide by the support of biochemical and Histopathological studies.³⁵Maninder Kaur and Vandana Valecha were presents the complete information about diabetes and herbal formulation which is available in the market as well alternative to synthetic medicine and conclude the herbal formulation is much better than allopathy.³⁶

The problem collaborated with the use of herbal preparation is of their indigent. phytoconstituents like flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids etc., are poorly absorbed on account of theirmassive. molecular size (which cannot be absorbed by passive diffusion). Also due to their poor lipid solubility, it severely limits its ability to pass across the lipid-rich biological membranes. The vesicle system made up of phospholipids can shoot up the therapeutic value, reduce toxicity and can increase the bioavailability of the phytomedicines.³⁷

CONCLUSION:

The review presents the application of monoherbal formulation, polyherbal formulation in addition to its effects on the treatment of diabetes mellitus. From many of the research it concludes that, the polyherbal formulations found most effective in the treatment of hyperglycaemia condition than a single herb.

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Received on 10.08.2020 Modified on 07.10.2020

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2020; 12(4):256-260.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2020.00042.4