INTRODUCTION:

As we are well familiar with the various herbal plants which serves as a medicines including Cissus quadrangularis¹, paclitaxel against cancer², and etc. The Crassulaceae family comprises approximately 33 genera and 1500 species which are distributed worldwide, except for Australia and the Pacific Islands.This family represents xeromorphic characteristics which leads to adapt to bright light and water scarcity. The herb has played an crucial role in the department of the research of biochemical, Eco physiological and also the various aspects related to the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), which is considered as a evolutive in the adaptation of the pathway of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.³

Bryophyllum pinnatum plant belongs to family of the Crassulaceae, commonly used as traditional medicines. The term Bryophyllum pinnatum is derived an ancient greek word where bryo means to sprout out and next i.e, phyllon means the leaf. The secondary metabolites obtained from different parts of this plant such as alkaloid, flavanoid, tannin, glycoside, phenolic compounds, which have therapeutic value⁴.The pharmacological studies shows that it exerted many pharmacological effects including anticancer, antioxidant immunomodulating, antibacterial, anthelmentic, antiprotozoal, neurologica, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuresis, antiurolithitic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-peptic ulcer, hypotensive, antidiabetic, wound healing and other pharmacological effects⁵. The present review is based on the systematic review on the Bryophyllum pinnatum.

Common names:

Cathedral bells, curtain plant, floppers, good luck leaf, green mother of millions, leaf of life, Mexican love plant, miracle leaf, resurrection plant, and sprouting leaf.^6,7,8Air Plant (USA), Miracle Leaf, Goethe Plant, Also called “Wonder of the World” in the English speaking Caribbean.’Oliwa Ka Kahakai (Hawai'i), Mother Of Thousands, Herbe Mal Tete (Dominica) Never Dead, Parvu, Hoja Del Aire (Bolivia).⁹ Zakham –e –hayat, air or Maternity Plant, Canterberry bells, Cathedral bells, Parnabija ,etc.⁴

Synonyms:

Bryophyllum calycinum, Kalanchoe pinnatum, Bryophyllum pinnatum^4,5,9,10 Cotyledon pinnata Lam., Sedum madagascaricum Clus, Parnabeeja ^6,11 B. germinans, B. pinnatum, C. calyculata, C. pinnata, C. rhizophilla, Crassuvia floripendia, Crassula pinnata, Sedum madagascariense, Verea pinnata¹².

Fig. 1. Leaves (A) and inflorescences (B) of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers.

Vernacular names:

Sr. No	Language	Names
01	Sanskrit	Parnabeeja, Asthibhaksha
02	English	Air plant
03	Hindi	Zakhmhaiyat, Pathharchoor
04	Kannada	Gandukalinga, Kadu basale
05	Malayalam	Elamarunga
06	Tamil	Malaikalli, Ranakalli
07	Telugu	Ranapala
08	Marathi	Gayamari
09	Bengali	Koppatha, Pathar kuchi. ^6,8,9,10
10	Persian & Urdu	Chubehayat¹²

Taxonomy:

Kingdom:

Plantae – Plants

Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Intra kingdom: Stretophyta-Land plants

Division: Spermatophyta – seed plants

Subdivision:

Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Infra division:

Angiospermae- flowering plants, angiosperms, plantas com flor, angiosperma, plantes fleurs, angiospermes, plantes fruits

Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass: Rosidae

Order: Rosales

Family: Crassulaceae – stonecrop

Genus: Bryophyllum

Species: Bryophyllum pinnatum (lam.) Oken.^6,8,9,10,12

Ayurvedic properties:

Rasa: Kashaya, Amla

Guna: Laghu

Virya: Sheeta

Vipaka: Madhura

Doshaghnata: Vatakaphahara

Karma:

Ashmarighna, Vranaropaka, Mootrala, Shonitasthapana, Rakta stambaka, Grahi.

Rogaghnata:

Ashmari, Atisara, Raktasrava, Visuchika¹³

Plant description:

The herb is a about 0.3-1.2m.in height. It comprises of the various parts. The description if these is illustrated as belows.

Stems:

The stems of the herb are obtusely four angled. The old stem is of light color where as the younger stem is of reddish speckled with white in mix.¹²

Leaves:

The leaves is considered as an important part. They look as freshly dark green in colour that are somewhat scalloped and trimmed in red colour. Leaf blade pinnately compounds with 3-5 leaflets which is 10-30 cm; petiolules are 2-4 long; The leaflet blades erect to elliptic, 6-8 Χ with a 3-5cm, margin crenate containing a individual notch pogessing a dormant bud which later gets develop into a healthy plantlet apex obtuse. The leaves are furnished with rooting vegetative buds. Inflorescences terminal paniculate 10-40 cm.⁹These are also long, thick, succulent, and scalloped margins.¹⁰. The the lower usually simple or occasionally compound, 8-12 and 6-8cm in size, the upper usually is about 3-5or 7- folio late, long pointed, the petioles are united by a ridge round within the the stem. Leaflets ovate or elliptic, crenate or serrate. The leave frequently produces the buds which are furnished with root, stems and leaves, which atleast once becomes a new plants.⁸

Flowers:

These are cylindric in shape, and pendulous¹⁰ reddish purple, pendent in large spreading panicles with opposite stout branches; pedicle slender. Calyx is of red and green at the end base, striated, pale green in the above, teeth triangular. The corolla swollen and octagonal at the base, reddish purple, constricted in the middle. Filaments are green at the bottom base and pinkish below the anther. Anther hastate and black. ¹² Sepals are red striated, green at the base & pale green above. Petals are reddish purple, swollen & octagonal at the base, lobes triangular.^8,9

Fruits:

Fruit are enclosed in a persistent papery calyx & corolla. Seeds are small, oblong ellipsoid, smooth.^8,12 The fruit-pod with four septa and numerous, ellipsoid, smooth striate seeds within. ⁹.Fruit is a follicle with many seeds.¹⁴

Seeds:

These small smooth oblong –ellipsoid, scarcely striate, smooth. The leaves often produce, on their crenature at the extremities of the lateral nerves, buds furnished with root, stems and leaves, which drop off and at once become new plants.

Geographical distribution:

The plant is procured from various regional parts of various countries. In India it is procured from the hills of North-Western India, Deccan and Bengal ¹² It is also found in the tropical parts, southern Africa, and American ⁵ also seen in the tropical India, Africa, China, Australia and tropical America ⁷ .It’s a native of Madagascar and southern Africa, Naturalised throughout the tropics of the world.^10,11.It is one of the popular plant and flexible to its temperate also seen in regions of Asia, the Pacific and Caribbean Kalanchoe pinnata along with Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, Macaronesia, Mascarenes, Galapagos, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Hawaii. It is also widely native to the Philippines and it is known as katakataka or kataka-taka which means astonishing or remarkable⁹.

Physicochemical properties:¹⁴

Sr. No	Type of ash	Value
01	Total ash	5.1%
02	Acid insoluble ash	1.69%
03	Water soluble ash	4.19%
04	Water soluble extractive value	19.80%
05	Alcohol soluble extractive value	5.60%

Microscopy:

The microscopical characters of the plant were obtained from the given source. These are depicted as belows.

Figure 2: Transverse section of young and old root of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Young root-E: Epiblema; OC: Outer cortical region; IC: Inner cortex; X: Xylem; and P: Pith. Old root-P: Periderm; OC: Outer secondary cortical region; SX: Secondary xylem; PP: Primary phloem; PX: Primary xylem and PITH: Pith.

Fig 3: Macroscopical characters of root stem and leaf of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. a: Young root; b: Old root; c: Young stem; d: Old stem; e: Leaf with new rooted vegetative bud; f: Purple colored glabrous petiole and g: Crenate shaped leaf.

Chemical constituents:

The plant was found to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, phenolic compound, saponin glycosides, also the other element such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorous, microelement such as iron, zinc, vitamin, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin. It was also found to contain syringic acid, caffeic acid, 4 hydroxy -3-methoxy cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, parahydroxy cinnamic acid, para coumaric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, phospoenolpyruvate,On the contrary it was found that the which act as an important part of the plant were found to contain various beneficial acids and other vutak pigments including the protocatechuic acid, astragalin, luteolin, rutin, kaemferol, quercetin, kaemferol-o-glycosides. Here the three flavonoid were isolated from plant which were responsible to show the antileishmanial activity. It also observed that it contains Bufadienolides such as Bryophyllin A,B,C, Bryophyllon.^{4,5,6,10,12,15}

Therapeutic applications:

The love herb produces various pharmacological effects among those the the main actions are highlighted as below.

Anticancer activity:

Supertman and his team isolated Bufadienolides from Kalanchoe pinnata and were examined for their inhibitory effects on Epstin Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells induced by the tumor promoter, all bufadeinolides showed good activity, while Bryophyllin showed the highest activity.

Anticonvulsant activity:

Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract (50,100,200mg/kg) was given to the rats in groups and the test were performed. The Head dip and evasion test in mice, muscle tone (Chinney test, inclined screen test and climbing test) and anticonvulsant test (strychnin and picrotoxin induced convulsant in mice) were done. The all extracts showed positive results while 200mg/kg shows highest activity. Cytotoxic study showed that the aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in dosage up to 20g/kg was useful.

Anti-diabetic activities:

Hydroalcoholic extract of plant (500mg/kg body wt.) shows that reduction in both postprandial and streptozosin induced diabetes blood glucose levels, triglyceride levels, low density lipoprotein level, and increases the high density lipoprotein level.

Antifungal activity:

Adenike A. O. Ogunshe worked on the Nigerian Traditional plants to evaluate antifungal activity. They evaluated the plant against the various strains of these species (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis). It was later conclude that none off the strains of C. pseudotropicalis got inhibited by ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata.

While it showed the good inhibitory effects against other species.

Antimicrobial activity:

The leaf extract (with 60% methanolic extract) was found to inhibit the growth of five from the given eight microorganism used, at a concentration of 25mg/ml. klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans showed a resistance.

Anti ulcer activity:

The ethanolic extract when tested showed that activity against acute ulcers, while aqueous extract did not prevent the formation of gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacine.

Immunomodulatory effect:

Male BALB/c mice and Lou-M rats were used for the experiments and Eosinophil counts, OVA specific igE, T cell proliferation, Cytokine production, Histamine release assay etc parameters were considered, the results shows that plant extract and its Quercetin flavonoids effectively protects mice against anaphylactic shock.

Nephroprotective activity:

an study reported that the aqueous extract of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata possesses potent nephroprotective against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats and in vitro anti oxidant activity.

Uterine relaxant:

Bryophyllum pinnatum shows a relaxant effect under the in vitro towards the contractility of human myometrium and reinforcing against fenoterol induced uterine contractility (Spontaneous contraction, Oxytocin stimulated contraction).

Wound healing activity:

The effect of kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract using the petroleum ether (PE), alcoholic extract (AE), and water extract (WE)was tested in the on albino rat. All the three extract showed an increase in the breaking strength of incision wound. The Cotton pellet with the dry weight and hydroxy prolin content of granulation tissue, when checked and compared to the previous control groups, and they showed significant increase in wound contraction and formation of scars on the 17th post wounding day. The result reveal that wound healing hastened the healing process in open wounds, but all the extract administered systematically promoted the healing of incision wounds.

Herbal tonic:

As we know that the given herb is an vital source of the ascorbic acids, riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. Natural ascorbic acid is an important constituent in the body. The hemorrhage from mucous membrane of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, anemia, and pains in the joints can be related to the association of ascorbic acid and normal connective tissue metabolism. This function of ascorbic acid is for the normal wound healing property. As a result, the plant is used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of common cold and also for the various other diseases.

Protein binding:

Phosphate extraction buffer (pH) was used to extract proteins from the leaves of B. pinnatum. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation, the results showed that bands on the gel were then excised and digested with trypsin and subjected to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for protein identification. Proteinase K has been identified from the MS/MS data. The protein identified was Proteinase K, which is used commercially in digesting of unwanted proteins like keratin.

Antihypertensive activity:

The B. pinnatum was used in treatment of the yoursbas of Western Nigeria. It was recorded on Trinidad and Tobago. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15

Uses:

· It was found to treat against dysentery and diarrhoea.

· The herbal paste can be used to treat the wound, soar, or cuts.

· The extract of B. pinnatum is used for the treatment of roundworms (clotrimazole).

· The extract of the plant can be used as an antipyretic herbal drug.

· It is used as one of home remedies for piles (hemorrhoids).

· Its juice is a remedy for ear pain.

· The extract is used for growth and also nourishment of the hair and treating gray hair.

· The leaves are used against intestinal disorder.

· The paste is used against leucorrhea.

· The fresh juice of Patharchur can be used to revel against the jaundice.

· It is the natural treatment for kidney and gallbladder stones.

Caution:

Contraindicated in cases of impaired digestive function. Topical treatment may produce severe skin blisters. Avoid long-term use because of its immune suppressant effects,16 Kalanchoe pinnata has been found to contain bufadienolide cardiac glycosides. These can cause cardiac poisoning, particularly in grazing animals.¹⁷

Marketed formulations:

1. Amantol cream: Its indications are respiratory disorders, sinusitis bronchitis, allergic reactions, and blocked nose. Ingredients are Mentha viridis extract (mint.), Iresine difusa (escanel) extract, Lippia alba extract (yantria), Zingiber officinalis extract (ginger), B. pinnataextract (Pakipanga), Mansia alliacea extract (ajode monte), mentol, alcanfor, and water cream base, external use only.

2. Parnabija savarasa: Antiobesity.¹²

CONCLUSION:

B. pinnatum is very useful plant for curing the various diseases such as wound healing, antiulcer, ant diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antibacterial activities. It also has the various chemical constituents including the flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, and triterpenoid are responsible for this activity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

We are grateful to Dr. Ramesh D. Ingole for their guidance and support as well as to the Pharmacolognosy Department of Gurukrupa Institute of pharmacy, Majalgaon.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION:

We declare that this work was done by the authors named in this article and all liabilities pertaining to claims relating to the content of this article will be borne by the authors.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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Received on 03.05.2020 Modified on 22.05.2020

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2020; 12(3):162-167.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2020.00027.8