Sesbenia grandiflora: An all-round tree

 

Avinash B. Thalkari1*, Pawan N. Karwa2, Priyanka S. Chopane1,

Krushna. K. Zhambare1, Pallavi S. Shinde2, Thalkari A.B.1

1SBSPM’S B- Pharmacy College, Ambajogai-431517, Maharashtra.

2Gurukrupa Institute of Pharmacy (Degree), Near Chatrapatthi Sugar Factory,

NH- 222 Gadi Road, Majalgaon-431131, Maharashtra.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: avinashthalkari@rediffmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

The history of herbal medicines is as old as human civilization. Sesbania sesban Linn. (fabaceae) is to be found in all geographical plains of India and are commonly are known to be Jayanti. The leaves of Sesbania Sesbanhastra are been designed as a purgative, demulcent, maturant, Anthelmintic and for also for all  inflammation and related pains . It a herb which is used in traditional system of medicine to carry all the the leaves of Sesbania grandiflora have been used in local traditional medicine since ancient times. The various  traditional medicinal plants are casted in the  treatment of diabetes mellitus and many other diseases since past decade. The antioxidant property of Agati is due to the presence of phytochemical constituents making it a potent anticancer and hepatoprotective agent. The below paper is a study that is intended with various properties, chemicaltests, different types of screening and also their uses which  were carried out on the flowers of Sesbania grandiflora. According to the survey of the WHO almost 80% of people living in developing countries depend on the traditional medicines to maintain their health care.

 

KEYWORDS: Traditional, Medicinal, Microscopy, Inflammation, Analysis.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

In India, we are using plants and herbs as the basic source of medicine as they are very rich in medical content. Sesbani sesban Linn., commonly known as ‘Egyptian Susan’ is one of the six species of genus Sesbania that is commonly found in tropical region of India. The plant is grown due to its property of nitrogen fixing ability and as wind shades.(1)Small tree are mostly seen in the India or Southeast Asia and needs  hot and humid tropical  climate areas in the in the world. In Australia and in India, plantations have attained heights of about 8m in under 3 years.

 

Sesbania is grown as a cover crop and green manure in the summer months. When the process of growing cover of the crop or the plant the soil incorporation is a important factor in case of the sesbania it does well incorporation while becomes green or soon after flowering for the purpose of soil improvement. The major plus point obtained from growing Sesbania is the addition of organic matter that is needed to be added in the desert soils. During the breakdown of organic matters by microorganisms, compounds are formed which are resistant to decomposition – such as gums, waxes and Resins. The tree are useful in the forage, firewood, pulp and paper, food, green manure and landscape decoration.(2) The phytochemicals are mostly important resources for medicinal uses. The plant products are becoming more popular than the synthetic drugs due to the property of low toxicity and long standing experience of exposure of these drugs in ethnic medicine system like Ayurveda. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant, grows wild in hedges and shady forests.(3) The leaf is widely used in detoxification process of manacle. S. grandflora leaves are highly nutritious and have been shown to contain significant amounts of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, and minerals such as iron, calcium, and phosphorus. The new grown leaves are edible and are quite often used as a part of the meals. In the rural areas of the Tangail district of Bangladesh, the villagers use it as a remedy for diarrhea. Oral administration of crude ethanolic extracts of Sesbania grandiflora reduces the number and duration of defecation episodes.(4) Nutraceuticals are the emerging era in the treatment and prevention of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. In 2014, WHO reported the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus was estimated 9% among adult and 1.5 million deaths.(5)  The whole plant parts from the top to the bottom of Sesbani grandiflora posses different therapeutic values. They also play a role in the preparations of different dosage forms such as paste, cream, powder, tablets, capsules, tincture, extracts, and tonic. Steamed flowers are used as a traditional Indonesian dish.(6) It was certainly introduced into the Philippines. This tree occurs also in India to the Mascarene Islands, through Malaya to tropical Australia, and is planted in other tropical countries(7) It is well adapted to hot, humid environments and does not grow well in the subtropics particularly in areas with temperatures below about 100C.(8) Wound healing involves various steps like coagulation, formation of granulation tissue, coagulation and acquisition of wound strength.(9)

 

Synonyms:

Robinia grandiflora (L),

Aeschynomene grandiflora (L),

Agati grandiflora(L.) (6)

Sesban grandiflora Poir.(7)

 

Common names:

Australian Corkwood tree, Tiger Tongue, West Indian Pea, White Dragon Tree.(6)

Arabic: Sesaban

Bengali: Jainti, Jayant

Burmese:Yay-tha-kyee, Yethugyi(10)

Chamorro: caturay, katurai.(7)

English: Common sesban, Egyptian rattle pod, Frother, River bean, Sesban, Sesbania, Corkwood tree, Scarlet wisteria, Sesban, Vegetable hummingbird

French: Agati a grandesfleurs. (10)

Hawaiian:Ohaike‘oke‘o.(7)

Hindi: Jainti, Jait, Rawasan

Indonesian: Janti, Jayanti, Puri

Javanese: Janti

Luganda:  Mubimba, Muzimbandeya(10)

Marathi: Hadga

Palauan: Katurai.

Samoan: Sepania.(7)

Sanskrit: Jayanti, Jayantika

Spanish: Ańilfrancés, Tamarindillo(10)

Tahitian: Afai, Ofai, Ouai, Oufai. 

Tamil: Agathi, Agati(7),Champai, Chithagathi, Karunchembai

Thai: Sami, Saphaolom

Vietnamese: Dien-dien(10)

 

Morphological characters:-

S.grandiflora is a small, erect, fast-growing perennial (4-5 m in just 6 months), and sparsely branched tree that reaches an average height of about 10-15 m and a diameter up to 12 cm (fig. 1A). The leaves are pari-pinnately compound up to 15-25 cm long with 20-50 leaflets in pairs, dimensions 12-44x5-15 mm, oblong to elliptical in shape and opposite arrangement. Single leaflet is 2-4 cm long and 10-15 mm in breadth, linear, oblong, mucronate, deciduous, stipulus lanceolate orsetaceous deciduous (fig. 1B-C) .The bark is light gray, corky and deeply furrowed and the wood is soft and white (fig. 1D). The flower clusters hanging at the leaf base. They are fleshy with 2-5 large or giant showy white petals. They are 7.5-10.0 cm long with short axillary racemes, curved about 3 cm wide before opening. Flowers are arrangement to pea flowers with five petals that are differentiated into a standard, wing, and keel petals. The standard petal of the flowers is seen usually upright, the wing of the petals spread out on opposite if the flower and the keel is when observed was found to be boat-shaped and in this species is curved down and away from the flower (fig. 1E). The Fruit, The fruit looks like flat, long and thin green beans. Pod looks like sub-cylindrical, straight or slightly curved up to 30-45 cm long and 5-8 mm wide, straw-colored or reddish-brown, containing from 15-50 pale-colored seeds. Seed: The seed is 3-4.5 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm, sub-cylindrical or bean like, elliptical, olive-green or red brown, 6-8 in a pod. There are 55-80 seeds per gram.

 

Fig. 1: S. Grandiflora small branched tree (A), leaves (B-C),  stems (D), and flowers (E)Powder Microscopy.(5)

Phytochemicals, Phytochemical screening and study Phytochemical Substances:-

1]Phytochemicals, Phytochemical screening :

A] Phytochemicals:

The freshly prepared organic extracts are qualitatively tested to detect the presence of various categories of phytochemicals. These are then identified by characteristic color changes as are previously described. The total flavonoid content is then estimated using quercetin as a reference compound. The total tannin content of S.grandiflora was determined by Folin-Coicalteu method as previously described.(4) The phytochemical constituents of Sesbania grandiflora are alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, anthraquinone and saponin.(6).Preliminary Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of triterpenoids, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, tannins, Saponins glycosides and steroids. Flowers contain cyanidin and delphinidin glucosides. The Pollen play an important role and pollen tubes contain alpha-ketoglutaric, oxaloacetic and pyruvic acids as a main content. The observations suggests that, previous phytochemical study of the plant led to the isolation of oleanolic acid, stigmasta-5, 24(28)-diene-3-ol-3-0-β-D-galactopyranoside, fatty acids and also the amino acids. Various types of lignins composed of guaiacyl, syringyl and P-hydroxyphenylpropane building units and also antitumor principal kaempferol disaccharide.(10)

 

B]phytochemical screening:

The plant Sesbania grandiflora (Linn) contains Grandifloral, arginine, cystine, histidine, isolucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, alanine, aspargine, aspartic acid and a saponin yielding oleanolic acid, galactose, rhamnose and glucuronic acidand it also contains flavonol glycoside, kaempfrol. The various extracts of Sesbania grandiflora i.e. Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethylacetate, Methanol, and Hydroalcoholicmedium were subjected to qualitative chemical analyses to detect the presence of various phytoconstituents.(2)

 

Phytochemical study:

A] On Bioactive compounds:-

The leaves of plant samples are firstly air-dried and then ground into uniform powder. The aqueous extract of each sample is then prepared by soaking 100g of dried, powdered sample in 200ml of distilled water for 12 hour. The extracts were filtered using whattman Filter paper No.42 (125mm). Phytochemical tests were carried out on the aqueous extract and on the powdered specimens.(8)

 

B] Phytochemical substances:-

The nutritive value of S. grandiflora leaves contains moisture about 73.1 g, protein 8.4g, fat 1.4g, minerals 3.1g, crude fibers 2.2g, carbohydrates 11.8 mg, energy 93 mg, calcium 1,130 mg, phosphorus 80 mg, and iron 3.9 mg. The literature survey of this plant revealed that this plant possesses protein and amino acids: arginine, cysteine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, leucocyanidin and cyaniding. Sugar derivatives are galactose and rhamnose. The phytochemical substances of S. grandiflora various parts contain several kinds of alkaloids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, saponin, tannin, chlorogenic acid, flavonoid, anthocyanin, steroidal glycosides and phenolic compounds. Three is flavonoids, isovestitol, medicarpin, and sativan, along with other known compound, betulinic acid, were isolated from the root. The active ingredients in the seeds are leucocyanidin and cyaniding. The active ingredients in flowers are cyaniding, delphinidin glucosides, tannins, keampferol, grandiflora, proteins, oleanolic acid, cysteine, isoleucine, asparagine, phenylalanine, valine, nicotinic acid and vitamin C.(5)

 

Powder Microscopy:

Studies on the leaves helped to be very useful in identification of unique diagnostic characters like presence of 1to 4 layered angular collenchymatous tissue near the vascular bundle towards the lower region, Hence the powder microscopic studies of the leaf leads to the diagnostic characters of the plant that can go a long way in pharmacognosy and authentic identification

 

1] Powder Microscopic Studies:

Leaflets of S. grandiflora are dorsiventral, upper and lower epidermis are single layered covered by thin cuticle. Upper epidermis is followed by 2-3 layers of narrowly arranged angular collenchymatous cells and 1-4 layers of closely arranged parenchymatous cells in the form of neck of the round bottom flask (Figure 2, 5). Centre portion of the midrib region is occupied by well developed vascular bundle which is conjoint, collateral, closed with metaxylem facing towards the lower region and protoxylem facing towards the upper region (Figure 2, 4). Lower region of the leaf let is planoconvexin structure consisting of 2-3 layers of angular collenchymas followed by 1-3 layers of parenchyma. About 1-4 layers of cells are arranged near the vascular bundle region (Figure 3). Microscopically laminar region shows single layered upper and lower epidermis, 2 layered palisade parenchyma and loosely arranged spongy parenchyma cells (Figure 6). Stomata are of anisocytic, present on both surfaces but more towards the lower surface (Figure 7).The quantitative values of the upper and lower surface of stomatal index is 15-20-26 per sq mm, and 16-22-28 per sq mm respectively. The palisade ratio is 4.20-5.50 per sq mm. The vein islet number is 20-30 per sq mm and the upper and lower surface Stomatal number is 4-6-8 per sq mm,5-7-9 per sq mm respectively. Diagnostic characters of Agathi· Presence of 1to 4 layered angular collenchymatous tissue near the vascular bundle towards the lower region. There was the presence of the prominent 2-3 layered narrowly arranged angular collenchymatous cells and 1-4 layers of closely arranged parenchymatous cells in the form of neck of the round bottom flask towards the upper epidermal layer. Presence of anisocytic type of stomata on both surfaces of the leaf let, more towards the lower surface· Presence of conjoint, collateral, closed Vascular bundle in the midrib region of the leaf let. Physicochemical Studies The results of physicochemical studies are presented in table 1. Further, the sample tested positive for saponins which is evident by the percentage of chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. The sample also contained traces of tannins. The swelling index was found to be 9ml and the foaming index is <100. The sample contains inorganic constituents like bicarbonates (HCo3), sulphates (SO4), chlorides (Cl3), calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), calcium phosphate (CaPO4), iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg).Fluorescence Studies The fluorescence behavior of the powder with different reagents under day light and short ultra violet light showed distinct characteristic features. The details are depicted in table 2.Thin layer chromatography studies (Table3)Thin layer Chromatography study has been carried out with petroleum ether, Chloroform and ethanol extracts by using solvents such as benzene: ethanol (19:1), Chloroform: methanol (19:1) and Toluene: ethyl acetate (90:10) respectively. Plates viewed under ordinary light, UV long wave 365nm and UV short wave 254nm. Rf values of the various spots were calculated. The Rf value of the petroleum ether extract has shown nine spots 0.08,0.13, 0.2, 0.5, 0.58, 0.71, 0.8, 0.86, 0.94; similarly  Chloroform extract 0.05, 0.19, 0.28, 0.77

 

 

Table 1: Table 1: Physicochemical Analysis

Sr.No.

Extractives

Solvent system

Spraying reagent

Rf. Values

1

Petroleum-either

60-80°C

Benzene: Ethanol

(19:1)

10%H2SO4

in Methanol

0.08, 0.13, 0.2, 0.5, 0.58, 0.71, 0.8, 0.86, 0.94.

2

Silica gel 60 F 254

pre coated sheets

Chloroform:

Methanol (19:1)

10%H2SO4

in Methanol

0.05, 0.19, 0.28, 0.35.

3

Silica gel 60 F 254

pre coated sheets

Toluene: Ethyl

acetate (90:10),

10%H2SO4

in Methanol

0.05, 0.14, 0.29, 0.54, 0.77.

 

Table 2: Fluorescence Studies

[Powder (P) + reagent]

Ordinary light

U.V. Long wave 365 nm

U.V. Short wave 254 nm

Powder

G

FL.W

G

P + Water

G

Dark Y

G

P + 1N. HCl

Br

Br

Dark G

P + 1N. NaOH

G

Mustard

Dark G

P+1N. NaOH In MeOH

Dark G

Light lemon Y

Dark G

P + 50% KOH

Dark G

Pinkish O

Deep G

P + 50% H2SO4

Deep G

Br

G

P + Con. H2SO4

Bl

FL G

G Bl

P + 50% HNO3

Br

Br

G

P + Con.HNO3

Br

Light Br

Br G

P + Acetic acid

Bl Br

O

Dark G

P + Iodine water

G

Dark Br

G

 (G: Green; Bl: Black; Br: Brown; Y: Yellow Fl: Fluorescent; O: Orange; B:Blue;Cr: Cream; W: White)      

 

Table 3: Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) Studies

SR. No.

Parameters

Results

1

 % Foreign matter (w/w)

< 2

2

 % Lossondryingat1100C.(w/w)

9.51

3

% Ash content (w/w)

8.65

 4

% Water soluble ash (w/w)

1.74

5

% Acid insoluble ash (w/w)

0.26

6

% Extractive values: (w/w)

 

a.         Petroleum ether

6.92

b.        Chloroform

2.46

c.         Ethanol

2.46

7

% Solubility at room temp.(w/w)

 

a.         Ethanol

24.86

b.        Water

41.71

8

% Extractable matter (Hot) (w/w)

51.10

9

% Tannins (w/w)

Traces

10

Swelling index (w/w)

9ml

11

Foaming index (w/w)

< 100

12

Organic constituents (Qualitative)

Steroid, saponin

13

Inorganic constituents (Qualitative)

HCO3, SO4, Cl3, Ca, Mg, Na, CaPO4, Fe

 

 

Fig. 2 T.S. of the leaf (Leaf let) 10x X 4x Ground plan

 

 

Fig. 3 Lower region enlarged 10x X 40x Ground plan

 

 

Fig. 2 Vascular bundle enlarged 10x X 40x

 

 

Fig. 5. Upper region enlarged 10x X 40x

 

 

Fig. 6. Laminar region enlarged 10x X 40x

 

 

Fig. 7. Epidermal peeling showing stomata 10x X 40x (Anisocytic type of stomata) Lower Region

 

Figure 2 - 7: Microscopical characteristics of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) PERS  COL: Collenchyma, PAR: Parenchyma, PAL: Palisade tissue, SPG: Spongy Parenchyma, UEP: Upper Epidermis, VB: Vascular Bundle. (11)

 

 

 

2] Chromatography analysis:

A number of preliminary analytical works are to conducted based on TLC and HPLC methods. TLC mobile system chosen was chloroform–methanol (8.5:1.5); while other solvent systems could not separate the sample very well. Likewise, a reversed phase system did not show a good separation in terms of spot  number and shape. Regarding TLC analyses, the majority of chemical constituents were apparently consisted ofpolyphenol and terpenoid groups as the plate showed some spots with fluorescence under UV light 366 nm and more spots after being sprayed with vanillin reagent, on the other hand, had a very few numbers on 254 nm

 

Figure 8. TLC profile of S. grandiflora extract on silica plate, mobile phase was chloroform–methanol (8.5:1.5). The profile on UV light 254 nm (A), on 366 nm (B), and after sprayed with vanilin-H2SO4 (C).

HPLC is a reproducible, rapid, and efficient method now becoming a reference in an analytical procedure in modern industry. The best system for S. grandiflora was achieved with acetonitrile-water (2:8) and flow rate at 0.5 mL/min (Figure 3). The peaks were increased in number compared to the mixture of 1:9; moreover, their shapes were symmetric. In total there were nine peaks appeared by the system, while the latter only produced four peaks. Interestingly, this feature was exhibited less than 10 min. Considering efficiency as a major issue in manufacturing, this HPLC system can be employed. The lambda used was 340 nm.

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9. Chromatogram profile of S. grandiflora with mobile phase  acetonitrile-water (2:8) and flow rate of 0.5 mL/min (A), chromatogram on the ratio of 9:1 (B).

3] Antibacterial test:

Out of 20 samples examined, the most potent samples were exhibited by the S. grandiflora flower and C. specious rhizome extracts. Their inhibition diameter was found to be of 18.0 mm and 13.6 mm, respectively (positive control erythromycin = 18.0mm) (Figure 10).

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10. Inhibition zones of C. odorata, I. verum, S. grandiflora, P. alba, and P. rubra against S. mutans.

A: The middle is the positive control (erythromycin) while the others showed mild activities;

B: The activity  of S. grandiflora extractat concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0% and 10.0%, respectively. 1: C. odorata; 2:I. verum;  3: S. grandiflora; 4: P. alba; 5: P. rubra.  (12)

 

Meanwhile, the flowers of C. roseus, T. eracta, P. alba, and the rhizomes of A. calamus, C. heyneana, Z. amaricans, I. cylindrica, Z. cassumunar exhibited moderate activities with a diameter inhibition ranging from 5.0 mm to 12.3 mm. The remaining samples C. odorata flower, A. purpurata, C. rotundus, C. soloensis, and C. zedoaria rhizomes, in contrast, showed a weak inhibition with an inhibition diameter less than 5 mm or being inactive (0 mm) (Table 1), while DMSO did not show any inhibition effects.

 

Uses:

1] Medicinal Uses:

The following are the few medicinal uses of the plant Sesbaniagrandiflora used in the various field of medicine

·         In Ayurveda, it can act as a remedy for various infections and diseases.

·         Fresh leaves are used as an ailment for migraine, sinusitis, rheumatism, arthiris, gout and wound healing.

·         Leaves are also used as tonic or paste to treat oral and throat infections.

·         The juice extracted from the flowers of Sesbania grandiflora are used for treating nightbliness, headache and constipation.

·         Bark is used to treat diarrhea, small pox, malaria, eruptive fever and gonorrhea.

·         The roots of red flowered variety Sesbania grandiflora can act as remedy to cure the rheumatism.

·         The oil of Sesbania grandiflora seed has anthelmintic activity. (6)

·         Pods pale yellow, linear, usually 10-20 cm long, cylindrical or compressed, rarely oblong; up to 40 seeds are found in a pod; seeds oblong or sub quadrate, brown or dark green mottled with black.

·         The leaves and tender branches of sesban are are high in  protein content (20-25% crude protein) and have high digestibility when consumed by ruminants, such as cattle and goats. Particular Anti-nutritional factors are found to be present in sesban fodder. Feeding sesban fodders to monogastric animals (such as chickens, rabbits, and pigs) is not recommended.

·         Reports of feeding sesban to ruminant’s conflict:-Trials in Australia feeding sesban to heifers showed live weight gains, but trials with young goats in Samoa found a lack of weight gain. Till the further research gives an clear guideline caution should be followed in feeding ruminants with sesban fodder at more than 10-20 percent of diet.

 

Soil improvement:

Sesban establishes quickly and grows rapidly. In Africa it is often allowed to grow scattered throughout annual crop fields for the nitrogen it provides. It has been used as experimental alley cropping method  to provide much and green leaf manure to intercrops. Sesban has  shallow roots.

 

Wood:

Sesban's wood is light in weight compared to the woods of Calliandra and Leucaena, but it is often harvested for firewood in Africa and India. It has been used in India to make charcoal. The wood is not durable and should not be considered for timber use. The branches have been used as a source of the poles in temporary structures for the sheds and mud daub huts. As the sesban grows so rapidly, it has potential for pulpwood production. Plantings at about 10,000 trees have produced 15-20 tons of woody biomass (dry weight) in one year.

 

Food:

Flowers of sesban are known to be added to stews and omelets in some regions, but it is  mainly as a decorative agent (10)

 

2] Traditional Uses:

In the Folk Medicine it is resorted to be aperient, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, and tonic. Agati is a commercially used remedy for bruises, catarrh, dysentery, eyes, fevers, headaches, smallpox, sores, sore throat, and stomatitis many more diseases. Different parts of this plant are used in Siddha system of Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of the various ailments including anemia, bronchitis, fever, headache, ophthalmia, nasal catarrh, inflammation, leprosy, gout and rheumatism In addition, S. grandiflora is mentioned as a potent antidote for tobacco and smoking-related diseases. (7)

The root-bark obtained from the bark of the red-flowered is useful in vitiated condition of vata and arthralgia. The bark has the astringent, cooling, bitter, tonic, anthelmintic and febrifuge properties. The scabies can be treated by the pounded bark. The juice of the bark is good for dyspepsia, diarrhea and gastralgia. The leaves are acrid, bitter, sweet, cooling, aperient, tonic and diuretic and contain a non-poisonous saponine like substance. The leaf juice is used is nasal catarrh, nyctalopia and cephalagia. Disinfestation of the mouth and throat and also in the stomatalgia can be cured btmy cheating the leaves.(5). The flowers possess an cooling, bitter, astringent, acrid and antipyretic. The juice of the flowers is applied to the eyes to cure the nyctalopia and is immensely used in the treatment of the intermittent fevers. The fruits are sweet, bitter, laxative and alexiteric and are useful in flatulent-colic, astringent, cooling, bitter, tonic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, cure scabies, dyspepsia, diarrhea and gastralgia, astringent, antipyretic, for nyctalopianaemia, emaciation and vitated conditions of tridosa.(2)

 

3] Therapeutic Uses

a) Antibacterial and antifungal activity:

Polyphenolic extracts (PE) of Sesbania grandiflora flower was evaluated using both in vitro and in situ methods. In vitro studies of PE of Sesbania grandiflora has showed inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigellaflexnesi, Salmonella typhi, E.coli and Vibriocholera. Among all this microbes, S.aureus was more sensitive and showed minimuminhibition at a concentration 0.013mg/ml. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesbania grandiflora leaves was screened for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Klebiella pneumonia, Pseudomonous aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilus using agar diffusion technique. The study showed a significant antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract on Staphylococcus and E.coli. A comparative study on antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaves extracts of Sesbaniagrandiflora using agar diffusion technique against E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Pseudonomas aeroginosa producing a zone of inhibition of 12mm at a concentration of 100μl. Even the two fungal pathogens Candia albicans and Aspergillus niger were inhibited by Sesbania grandiflora leave extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition was determined in Sesbania grandiflora ethanolic root extract by disc diffusion technique against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, E.coli and Bacillus subtilis at different concentration. The highest zone of inhibition (25.7mm) was obtained for Staphylococcus epidermis at a dosage of 250mg/disc, where as E.coli showed lowest inhibition zone of1.5mm at a concentration of 50mg/disc.

 

b) Antituberculosis activity:

The chemical components namely isolflavonoids, isolated from Sesbania grandiflora root extract has exhibited maximum antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

 

c) Anthelmintic activity:

Anthelminitic activity was studied in acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Sesbania grandiflora flowers at a concentration of 100,150,200mg/ml. The ethanolic extract of flower showed a significant anthelmintic activity (Pheretimaposthuma) at a concentration of200mg/ml. The presence of various phytochemical contributes anthelmintic property. A effect of the anthelmintic activity of aqueous extract obtained from the Sesbania grandiflora leaves was carried out against Acaridiagalli revealed a definite anthelmintic efficiency, which was mainly because of the presence of phytochemicals like flavonoid, phenol, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, steroids and terpenoids. A comparative study on antihelmintic property of Sesbania grandiflora alcoholic extract showed a significant effect against Indian earthworm. A dosage of 50mg/ml, not only showed paralysis, but also caused death of worm in a shorter period of time when compared to standard drug Piperazine Citrate. Sesbania grandiflora seed oil exhibited highly significant anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 100mg/ml against Pheritimapasthumain both parameters (paralysis and death) when compared to standard drug Piperazine citrate(10mg/ml).

 

d)Antidiabetic property:

Significant anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 100mg/ml against Pheritimapasthumain both parameters (paralysis and death) when compared to standard drug Piperazine citrate(10mg/ml).

 

e) Antidiabetic property:

The 70% alcoholic extract of Sesbania grandiflora flower has shown a significant antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats at a dose of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg administrated for 28days. Even a marked reduction in serum total cholesterol, TG, SGOT, SGPT and BUN was observed. The histopathological studies showed the repair and regeneration of the damage islet of pancreatic cell.

 

f) Hepatoprotective activity:

Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Sesbania grandiflora leaves was studied in albino rats. The rats orally fed with carbon tetrachloride to induce liver damage at a dosage of 500mg/kg b.wt. Treatment of rats using aqueous extract has shown a decline in serum level of glutamic pyruvate transaminase(SGPT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and total bilirubin, cholesterol. A study done on the hepatoprotective activity of petroleum ether extract of Sesbania grandiflora fruit has shown a significant reduction in ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin level at a dosage of400mg/kg of b.wt in ethanol induced heptotoxic rats. Histopathological studies has also revealed the presence of normal liver cells.

 

g) Antioxidant activity and Cardio protective activity:

The Cardio protective activity of Sesbania grandiflora was evaluated against cigarette smoke exposed rats. The adult male Wister- Kyoto rats were exposed to cigratte smoke for 90daysand orally treated with Sesbania grandiflora aqueous leave extract for 3 weeks at a dose of1000mg/kg of body weight. After treatment there was a significant decrease in the activity of serum lactate dehydrogenase, cardiac superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione–S-transferase and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase.

 

h) Wound healing activity:

Wound healing activity was evaluated in wistar rats using excision and incision wound Model. The methanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora bark showed positive wound healing activity when the concentration of 10% w/w in Wistar albino rats using excision wound model when compared to standard 1% Framycetin sulphate.

 

i) Antiulcer activity:

The ethanolic extracts of Sesbania grandiflora leave at a dosage of 250mg and 500mg/Kg of body weight had showed reduction (50% and 74.22%) in ulcer of ethanol induced adultalbino rats when compared to the control group. Omeprazole was used as standard drug.

 

j) Anticancer activity:

Sesbania grandiflora methanolic leave extracts had repored potent antiproliferative activity in human lung cancer cell line, A549 by activating caspase 3 leading to cell dealth byapoptosis. Hematological profile such as RBC, Hb and lymphocyte were also reported to be normal.

 

k) Anti-inflammatory activity:

Methanolic extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora has revealed anti-inflammatory activityin formaldehyde induced rat paw oedema model at dosage of 400mg/kg of body weight. Inthis study 0.5mg/kg of Dexamethanone was used as standard drug.

 

l) Antiurolithiatic activity:

The leaves of Sesbania grandiflora exhibited good antiurolithiatic activity in rats induced with calcium oxalate type stones.

 

m) Immunomodulatory activity:

The oral administration methanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora at a dose of 200and400mg/kg has reported a significant immunomodulatory activity in rats induced by sheep red blood cells to create hypersensitivity.

 

n) Antiviral activity:

Methanolic flower extracts of Sesbania grandiflora showed significant antiviral activity against herpex simplex-1, herpex simplex-2, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis anad cox sickie. The antiviral activity is mainly due to flavonoid content.(6)

 

4] Other uses:

Various medicinal uses for Sesbania Sesban have been mostly recorded in Africa and Asia. The leaves and flowers are used in the medicinal poultices and teas, which are said to possess an effect of astringency, or contraction of body tissues. Gum production from the bark is use of the tree. leaf of Sesbani Sesban has traditionally been used as purgative, demulcent, maturant, anthelmintic and for all pains and inflammation (1).

 

CONCLUSION:

Medicinal plants or ethno medicine are in practice from Ancient times in many cultures and Sesbaniagrandiflora is one among them. As the pharmacologists are looking forward to develop new drugs from natural sources, development of modern drugs from Sesbaniagrandiflora can be emphasized for the control of various diseases.  In recent years, ethno medicinal studies received much response as thus leads to the numerous little known and unknown medicinal qualities seen in the plant parts. The new trend of the  antimicrobial drug preparation will help to be an alternative medicine  for the novel synthetic drugs.

 

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2.        Dayananda B, Jaya D, A Review on Pharmacological Activity of Sesbania grandiflora Linn, Columbia Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014, 1, 40-43

3.        Arunabha M, Nayak S, Phytochemical and Preliminary Toxicity Study of Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Flowers, International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research.:(2011), 2 11, 445-447.

4.        Nafisa BA, Azima SJ, Mohiuddin AK, Medicinal Properties of the Sesbania grandiflora Leaves, Shah AK, Zubair KL, World University of Bangladesh, Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.:2016, 8, 6, 273-277  (www.ijmbs.org)

5.        Kanitta J, Wannee J, Sesbania Grandiflora: New Nutraceutical Use As Antidiabetic, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical.: 2015:Vol 7, Issue 7, 26-29

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8.        Abbs F R, Rexin N, Phytochemical study on Sesbania grandiflora, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research.: 2013, 5(2):196-201.

9.        Aijaz .A.S, Zaferuddin S, Siddiqui A.R, Pratapwar AS, Sameer S, Wound healing activity of Sesbania grandiflora Linn flower ethanolic extract using excision and incision wound model in wistar rats, International Journal of Pharm Tech Research CODEN (USA).:2011: 3,2,896-897

10.      Pravin G, Priti G, Anjum S, Shakil S, Shahnavaj K M, Sesbaniasesban Linn: A Review on Its Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological, Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.:2012:Volume 2, Issue 12, 11-13

11.      Venkateshwarlu G, Shantha T. R, Shiddamallayya N, Kishore K. R, Traditional And Ayurvedic Medicinal Importance Of Agasthyaleaves [Sesbania Grandiflora (L) Pers.] W.R.T. Its Pharmacognostic And Physicochemical Evaluation, 2012, 3, 2, 193-195

12.       Azis S, Alfian M F, Arini F, Kuswandi T, Witridyah M, Devita W, Tri A S, Bioprospecting for anti-Streptococcus mutans: The activity of 10% Sesbania grandiflora flower extract comparable to erythromycin, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.:2016:  751-753  (www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb)

 

 

 

 

Received on 28.06.2019         Modified on 18.07.2019

Accepted on 10.08.2019       ©A&V Publications All right reserved

Res.  J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2019; 11(3):114-122.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2019.00020.7