INTRODUCTION:

The practice of Pharmacognosy in India goes back to the Vedic period. Weeds are naturally growing plants, generally known as a group of very aggressive, noxious, competitive and troublesome plants¹. Despite of significant evidences, the scientific exploration of secluded weeds are still lagging². Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) are an extremely large group of compounds, a comprehensive overview of their biochemistry,^3,4 bioactivity and chemistry. This is well acknowledged that, secondary metabolites of the plants are the active phytochemical principles to contribute the medicinal property. Phytochemicals are the chemicals that present naturally in plants. Now- a-days these phytochemicals become more popular due to their countless medicinal uses^5,6.

Weeds are the orphan candidates of plant kingdom. The weeds are able to sustain adverse environmental conditions. Under stress conditions like drought, chill etc. they can survive and perpetuate. Or in other words, they can fight against the adverse condition by using the chemical weapons i.e. the secondary metabolites.

It was reported⁷ that weeds are relatively high in bioactive secondary compounds and are thus likely to hold promise for drug discovery. Further, it was added that, secondary compounds in weeds⁸ are recognized because of their allelopathic and antigrazing activities by herbovores.

Lantana camara is an ornamental shrub, native to Neotropics. It has been introduced to most of the tropics and sub-tropics. The widespread and diverse distribution of Lantana plant is a reflection to its wide ecological tolerances. The species grows in varied habitats ranging from open unshaded regions which include wastelands, rainforest edges, beachfronts, and forests disturbed by activities such as fire or logging. Chemical composition of L. camara have been studied by previous researchers^9, ^{10,
11, 12}.

This study was undertaken to screen for the phytoconstituents present in an indigenous variety of Lantana weed, which is luxuriantly grown in soil of Western part of Odisha, India. Mention may be made here that, there is a geographical impact¹³upon the abundance and composition of phytoconstituents. Altitudinal gradient-defined specific environmental conditions could lead to genetics and chemical variations¹⁴among individuals of the same species¹⁵. The aim of screening for phytoconstituents of wild and indigenous plants is for identification of active constituents which may serve cost effective parallel herbal drug candidates.

In general, pure essential oils can be subdivided into two distinct groups of chemical constituents; the hydrocarbons which are made up almost exclusively of terpenes (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes), and the oxygenated compounds which are mainly esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and oxides. They are secreted in special structures of plants namely ducts, cells, schizogenous and lysigenous glands, trichomes, hairs etc. They may be found in entire plant or specific part of the plant.

The individual chemical constituents can identify the medicinal properties of an essential oil. But, essential oil components belong mainly to the terpene and terpenoid family synthesized through mevalonate dependent and independent pathway (deoxylulose pathway). Essential oils also contain non-terpenic compounds biogenerated by the phenylpropanoids originated through shikimic acid pathway¹⁶. Like other phytoconstituents, essential oils have a great compositional variation both qualitatively and quantitatively. Several studies shown the influence of the extrisinic and intrisinic factors are not only on the content of chemical constituents of essential oils, but also on their biological activities¹⁷.

We now report on the results obtained for the essential oil of L. camara Linn., (Verbenaceae) which was collected from wild populations. After a preliminary screening for pharmacognostically¹⁸important active metabolites, the hydro distilled, flower essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS and the chemotype was identified. It is important to correctly identify both the plant species and chemotype of an essential oil before using it for biological activity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Collection and identification of weed:

The flowering twigs of Lantana (Red Sage) plants were collected in the morning hr in the month of August. The collection area was the Sambalpur University (Sambalpur, Odisha, India) campus (20,473⁰N, 85.891⁰E) and sent as herbarium form to Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium, Howarh, 711103 for identification of collected plant specimen.

Pharmacognostical screening of whole Flower extracts:

The plucked flowers were subjected to Pharmacognostical study by following the standard Pharmacognostical protocols^19,
20. Fresh flowering petals were macerated by using mortar and pastel in presence of Ethanol and water (at 1:1ratio) and was left for 24 h, after which the extract was filtered. The filtrate was dried under reduced pressure and re-dissolved in the solvent (Ethanol) and was centrifuged. The supernatant was decanted and the collected floral extract was allowed to dry for a period of 48 hrs. The dried floral extract was analysed for presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, phenols, flavonoides, saponins if any by using specific procured reagents (Table 1) in the deptt. of Pharmacognosy, Barapalli Pharmacy College, Barapalli, Odisha, India.

Table 1 showing the details of reagents and the specific tests

Names of reagents	Tests	Detection
5 ml 1% picric acid + 5 ml 10% NaOH (HI-MEDIA, No. GRM1183	Baljet’s test	Glycosides
Pyridine (LOBA CHEMIE, LB-131708)	Legal’s test	Cardiac glycoside
Sodium nitroprusside (LOBA CHEMIE-B500608)	Legal’s test	Alkaloids
Chloroform in Ammonia solution (MERCK-AEIA610265)	Borntrager’s test	Anthraquinone glycosides
FeCl3 (LOBA CHEMIE-B656009)	Modified Borntrager’s test	Anthracine aglycone
Magnesium fillings and HCl (MERCK-CC2C620172)	Shinoda test	Flavonoids
Ethanol (UAN CHEMICAL-20141105)	Shinoda test	Flavonoids
Ferric chloride solution (LOBA CHEMIE-13656009)	Ferric chloride test	Phenols
Benzene (MERCK-SC3S630171)	Alkaloidal test	Alkaloides
Potassium mercuric iodide solution (EMPLURA-OL20623155)	Mayer’s test	Alkaloides
Potassium bismuth iodide solution (LOBA CHEMIE-G033206)	Dragendorff’s test	Alkaloides
Iodine in Potassium iodide solution (NICE-408860)	Wagner’s test	Alkaloides
Saturated solution of Picric acid (MERCK-QDIQ610085)	Hager’s test	Alkaloides
Sudan III (HI-MEDIA, GRM991)	Sudan III test	Lipids/Triglycerides, Volatile oil

Pharmacognostical study:

The qualitative tests had inferred about presence of flavonoides, alakaloides and more over volatile oil as given in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 The indigenous Lantana camara L. floral extract detected with Alkaloides, Volatile oil and Flavonoides

Hydrodistillation of essential oil:

After the hydrodistillation of flowers of Lantana plant for 4 hrs, a layer of essential oil was visible on the surface of water inside the condenser. Then the layer of oil was collected in sterilised containers. The yield of essential oil was calculated as 1%. The organoleptic property of the hydrodistilled essentila oil was noted down. The smell of oil was pungent, light yellow in colour. The solubility of extracted oil was observed to be soluble in organic solvents.

GC-MS analysis of Lantana floral essential oil:

The GC MS analysis of flower essential oil of Lantana camara L. had inferred about elution of 25 number of components (Figure 2), among them 19 constituents which were found to be exclusive as these components were not reported by any published work. The total percentage of all eluted components was observed to be 87.36%. Among them ƍ-Himachalene (31.29 %), 4,7-Dimethoxy-2-Methyl-1diene (13.38%), Hexamethyltricyclo (12.47), 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-methanol (5.91), Alloaromadendrene Oxide-1 (5.27%), ƍ-Guaiene (4.98%), Gitoxygenin (4.14%) were considered as major constituents. It is interesting to note here that none of these components were reported by any authors in past. The area of a peak is proportional to amount of the compound that is present.

DISCUSSION:

The results obtained from this phytochemical analysis of aq. ethanol extract of flowers of Lantana camara weed, it was found that, the floral extract was rich in alkaloids, flavonoides and more over aromatic essential oil. Flavonoids are polyphenolic molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are soluble in water. They consist of two benzene rings connected by a short three carbon chain. One of the carbons in this chain is connected to a carbon in one of the benzene rings, either through an oxygen bridge or directly, which gives a third middle ring. Flavonoids are a group of plant metabolites thought to provide health benefits through cell signalling pathways and antioxidant effects.

Similarly, alkaloids are reported to be one of the naturally occurring nitrogen atom containing bases. Terpenoides also called isoprenoides a large group comprising terpenes, eiterpenes, sesquiterpenes, mono terpenes etc.) are present in medicinal and aromatic plants. Therefore, this qualitative phytochemical study of the two weeds is very useful in the detection of bioactive compounds. More over these principles subsequently will lead towards the drug discovery and designing. Aromatic essential oils are an extremely useful source of starting materials for several industrial processes used for the synthesis of fragrances and pharmaceutical compounds. A new route to high added value compounds from these cheap natural products is therefore a challenge, among which catalytic fictionalization is of major interest²².

Terpenes are the most common hydrocarbons found in the essential oil of dry brown plants (weeds). Carene, or delta-3-carene, is a bicyclic monoterpene. Carene belongs to the family of Bicyclic monoterpenes. These are monoterpenes containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Used as food additives and flavouring agent. It is not soluble in water, but miscible with fats and oils. The monoterpene Mentha-1,4(8)-diene, is a naturally occurring chemical which is the major component in essential oils. It is widely used as a flavor and fragrance and is listed to be generally recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 182. 60 in the Code of Federal Regulations, U. S. A.).

3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-methanol (3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1H-pyridin-4-one) was found to be in substantial amount (5.91%). α-Terpinene is a constituent of many essential oils. The terpenes are three isomeric hydrocarbons that are classified as terpenes. They each have the same molecular formula and carbon framework, but they differ in the position of carbon-carbon double bonds. 2-Carene (4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [4.1.0] hept-4-ene) belongs to the family of Bicyclic monoterpenes²³. These are monoterpenes containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Allylic Bromide, Geranyl bromide is an allylic bromide.

Fig. 3 The GC profile of indigenous Lantana floral essential oil

α-pyronene (1,5,5,6-tetramethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene). Artemesia triene (2,5,5-Trimethyl-1,3). Santolina epoxide (2-methyl-2-(5-methylhexa-1,4-dien-3-yl)oxirane), an important natural product. Camphor belongs to the family of Bicycloheptanes. These are organic compounds containing two fused cycloheptane rings (alipahtic six-member rings formed only of carbon atoms). Cyclohexanone, an organic compound with the formula (CH₂)₅CO. The molecule consists of six-carbon cyclic molecule with a ketone functional group. Cyclohexanone is obtained through oxidation of cyclohexane or dehydrogenation of phenol. The name norbornane (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes) is derived from bornane, which is 1,7,7-trimethylnorbornane, being a derivative of camphor (bornanone). The prefix nor refers to the stripping of the methyl groups from the parent molecule bornane. P-Mentha-4-en-3-one a monoterpene. ƍ- Elemene: member of group of sesquiterpenes. Eucarvone (2,6,6-trimethylcyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one) a volatile terpenoid. Gamma Murrolene (7-methyl-4-methylidene1(propan2yl)1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8aoctahydronaphthalene, belonging to class phenol lipids. This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. These are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Aristolene; 9-Aristolene; Aristol-9-ene; (7R,7aR,7bS)-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-2,3,5,6,7,7b-hexahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[a]naphthalene. Aristolene belongs to the family of Sesquiterpenes. These are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. GammaHimachalene(4aR,9aS)2,5,9,9tetramethyl-3,4,4a,7,8,9a-hexahydrobenzo[7]annulene is a sesquiterpene. ƍ-Guaiene, is a sesquiterpene have been isolated from other essential oils. Cyclosativene (1,2α,4-Methenoindan), a tetracyclic sesquiterpene might also reasonably be expected to display interesting chemistry. Alloaromadendrene Oxide (Another name epoxy alloaromadendrene), (IUPAC name: 4aS,7R,7aR)-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylidene-2,3,4a,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[e]azulene). Alloaromadendrene is found in all spices. Alloaromadendrene is a constituent of essential oils of Eucalyptus globules ²⁴.

Gitoxygenin is a steroid (3-[(3S,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,16S,17R)3,14,16,trihydroxy10,13dimethyl1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2H-furan-5-one) from hydrolysis of the cardiac glycoside, gitoxin. Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by acting on the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Much work on the potential of Lantana camara weed essential oil has been carried out, ^25,26,27,28 however, this specific research on screening for phytochemicals present in indigenous floral Lantana essential oil has been overlooked in the geographical area, where this study was conducted.

Although, our experimental set up bears a close resemblance to previous studies, ^29,30,31,32but our results are encouraging because of identification of 25 number of components (in toto 87.36%) in Lantana floral³³essential oil. Detection of ƍ-Himachalene in considerable amount (31.29%) confirmed our findings as substantial. ƍ- Himachalenes having hexahydrobenzocycloheptene as basic skeleton. Benzocycloheptene and their derivatives are the biologically potent class of bicyclic framework and are attractive synthetic targets for organic and medicinal chemists. In addition, identification of Gitoxygenin which contains an α, β unsaturated lactone ring (or saturated ester). The C₁₄(β) hydroxyl group and the unsaturated lactone are essential to its activity as a drug ³⁴.

Table 2 The GC –MS identified compounds present in Lantana floral essential oil

Sl. No	Names of Components	Molecular ske	IUPAC Name	Area(%)
1	ƍ-Himachalene		2,5,9.9-tetramethyl-3.4,4a,7,8,9a- hexahydrobenzo [7] annulene	30.31
2	Methoxy-4,7-Dimethoxy Methoxy-4,7-Dimethoxy 2-Methyl-1H-diene		,7-Dimethoxy 2-Methyl-1H-diene	13.38
3	Hexamethyltricyclo (C₁₈H₂₄O₂)		8,8-Hexamethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0^2,4]oct-5-ene	12.47
4	3 Pyridine methanol		3,4-dihydroxy-2- methylpyridine-5-methanol	5.91
5	Alloaromadendrene		Alloaromadendrene Oxide -1	5.27
6	ƍ-Guaiene		1,4-dimethyl-7-propan-2-ylidene-2,3,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-1H-azulene	4.98
7	Gitoxygenin		3-beta, 14,16-beta-trihydroxy-5-beta,card-20(22)-enolide	4.14
8	Cyclohexene(C₁₀H₁₆)		P-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene	1.55
9	Cyclosativene		1,2,4-Metheno-1H-indene,octahydro,1,7 a-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)	1.54
10	Cyclohexanone( CH₂)₅CO		1,3-Cyclohexanone	1.37
11	Aristolene (C₁₅H₂₄)		1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7b-hexahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[a]naphthalene	1.26
12	ƍ-Elemene		(1R,2R)-2-Isopropenyl-4-isopropylidene-1-methyl-1-vinylcyclohexane	0.92
13	ƍ-Muurolene (C₁₅H₂₄)		7-methy-4methyidene-1-(propan-2-yl)1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronapthalene	0.88
14	3-Carene (C₁₀H₁₆)		Bicyclol[4.1.0]hept-3-ene-3,7,7,trimethyl	0.76
15	α-Terpinene		1, 4 Cyclohexadiene, 1 methyl 4	0.4
16	2-carene		Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene,3,7,7-trimethyl	0.28
17	Geranylbromide		(2E)-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-Octadiene	0.22
18	Norbonane		Bicyclol[2.2.1] heptane	0.18
19	Camphor(C₁0H₁₆O)		Bicyclol[2.2.1]heptan-2-0ne	0.16
20	Epoxycarene(C₁₀H₁₆O)		2,3-Epoxycarene	0.12
21	P-Mentha-4-en-3-one		6-Isopropenyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one	0.12
22	α-pyronene		1,5,5,6-tetramethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene	0.06
23	Artemesiatriene(C₁₀H₁₆)		1,3,6-Heptatriene,2,5,5,trimethyl	0.04
24	Eucarvone		2,4 cycloheptadiene-1-one, 2,6,6 trimethyl	0.04
25	Santolina epoxide		2-methyl-2-(5-methylhexa-1,4-dien-3-yl)oxirane	0.02

CONCLUSION:

The list of references is an indispensable part of a publication, putting the study, its results and the ensuing discussion into the appropriate context. Previous and related results are acknowledged, compared and discussed. The list serves the purpose of documentation, but is usually also a valuable link to further information. The weed, Lantana camera L. has received much attention over the last two decades and therefore we believe that the next decade is likely to see a considerable rise in research in Lantana essential oil. Even today, drugs based on Digitalis extract are some of the best-known treatments to control the cardiovascular³⁵ rate. The cardiac class of glycosides like Gitoxygenin is useful as medicaments, for the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are grateful to the authorities of School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha for the facilities.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received on 19.07.2017 Modified on 21.09.2017

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2017; 9(4): 203-209.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2017.00037.1