A Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological activities of Quisqualis indica Linn.
Ms. Charulata Pandit Mahajan1*, Dr. A N. Aher2
1Research Scholar, MVPs College of Pharmacy, Nasik
2Associate Professor, Dept. of Pharmacognosy, MVPs
College of Pharmacy, Nasik
*Corresponding Author E-mail: charutnemade@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Medicinal herbs have been in use for thousands of years, in one form or another, under the indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Scientists have even started correlating the botanical properties of plants with their pharmacological activity. The main motto of the present review aims to compile data related to the phytochemical and pharmacological activities shown by the plant Quisqualis indica L. Quisqualis is a small genus of woody climbers distributed in tropical Africa and tropical Indo-Malaysian region. Its Botanical name is Quisqualis indica/ Combretum indicum and belongs to family Combretaceae. Quisqualis indica contains tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its bright flowers with pleasant fragrance. In China, ripe seeds are roasted and given in diarrhoea and fever. Roots are used to treat rheumatism, also can be used as anthelmintic to expel parasitic worms or for alleviating diarrhea. The different parts of plant were found to exhibit different pharmacological activities like anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, acetyl cholinesterase inhibition, immunomodulatory etc.
KEYWORDS: Quisqualis indica, saponins, steroids, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant
INTRODUCTION:
India is perhaps the largest producer of medicinal herbs and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World.” Medicinal herbs have been in use for thousands of years, in one form or another, under the indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani.1 Global estimates indicate that over 3/4th of the 5 billion world population cannot afford the products of the western pharmaceutical industry and have to rely upon the use of traditional medicines, which are mainly derived from plants. WHO currently encourages, recommends and promotes the inclusion of herbal drugs in National health care programmes because such drugs are easily available at a price within the reach of a common man and considered to be much safer than the synthetic drugs.2
The difference between modern and old phytotherapy is that nowadays extracts of the crude drugs can be standardized to a certain content of active ingredients thus; guaranteeing the correct and reproducible dosage.3 A clinical method is more significant today than ever before. Splitting the body into finest particles, probing deeper and deeper into their functions and finding remedies for correcting their morbidities have become the primary objective of modern medical research.4
There is a growing interest in correlating phytochemical constituents of a plant with its pharmacological activity. Scientists have even started correlating the botanical properties of plants with their pharmacological activity. The main motto of the present review aims to compile data related to the phytochemical and pharmacological activities shown by the plant Quisqualis indica L. Quisqualis is a small genus of woody climbers distributed in tropical Africa and tropical Indo-Malaysian region. Its Botanical name is Quisqualis indica / Combretum indicum and belongs to family Combretaceae. The genus translates into Latin for ' what is that? ‘... quisqualis .Two species are found in India, of which Quisqualis indica is probably introduced, as it is not found growing wild anywhere in India.
Plant profile:
Botanical Name: Quisqualis indica Linn.
Fig. Quisqualis indica Linn. with flowers
Local Names: 5, 6, 7
English: Rangoon Creeper
Hindi: Madhumalti
Marathi: Rangoonvel, Madhumalalti, Vilayati Chameli
Gujarathi: Barmasi vel
Bengali: Malati, Modhumalati
Telugu: Radha Manoharam
Manipuri: Parijat
Scientific Classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Combretum
Species: C. indicum
Binomial name: Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps
Synonym: Quisqualis indica L.
Habitat and Distribution:
It is a shrub probably indigenous Burma and the Malay Peninsula- Malaya, in tropical Africa and tropical Indo-Malaysian region, cultivated in India throughout India as an ornamental plant up to an altitude of 300 meter.6, 7
Cultivation and Collection:
Few varieties of Quisqualis indica are distinguished, showing variations in flower colour and leaf size. The plant is easily raised from layers, cuttings or divisions of the root. It grows well in good soil. It grows rapidly, requiring a strong trellis for its support. It is also grown on an arch or on a tree. It can keep within bounds as a bush by removing the long new growths. The plant is in profuse blooming throughout the year. Flowers open in the evening as white flowers, gradually assuming pink tinge by morning and deepening to deep red by late afternoon. They are sweet scented. Plant bears fruits in northern India.7
Botanical Description and Identification Features:
Quisqualis indica is from the genus Quisqualis is a woody climber. Q. indica is a hardy creeper, commonly planted in gardens for its brightly coloured, showy flowers. The plant is about 8 m tall. Branchlets brownish yellow pubescent. Petiole 5–9 mm, without an inflated joint near base, densely brown pilose when young.8 Leaves are simple with distinct venation. They are opposite or sub-opposite, papyraceous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, with base rounded and entire margin. The upper surface is dark green, glabrous and on lower surface trichomes is present. The stem is thorny. Flowers are numerous at first white and then deep red, fragrant, in axillary or terminal pendulous racemes. Petals are lanceolate, acute and 1-3 cm long. Fruits dry coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, 5-angled or 5-winged, seeded.6, 7
Useful Parts of Plant:
The leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and roots are used traditionally.
Phytoconstituents:
Quisqualis indica contains tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, saponins and phenolic compounds. Seeds contain malic, ctric and succinic acids, alkaloids and potassium sulphate. Seeds yield yellow fatty oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil is myristic, palmitic stearic oleic and linoleic acid. The fruits contain trigonelline. The deep red flowers contain cyaniding monoglycoside.7 Trigonelline, L-proline, L-asparagine and quisqualic acids are isolated from leaves.9 The tannins (gallic acid), flavonoids (Quercetin and rutin) and terpenoids (β-sitosterol and lupeol) were isolated from leaves and flowers.10, 11 Four diphenylpropanoids- 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphe-noxy)propan-1-ol, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)propan-1-ol, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)propan-1-ylacetate and 1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) propan-1-ol were isolated from the chloroform novel ellagitannins, quisqualin A and quisqualin B, was done from the fruits of Quisqualis indica.12 Potassium quisqualate, m.p. 2200 and mannitol isolated from kernels.13
Add structure of Quisqualis acid and trigonelline
Traditional Uses:
Quisqualis indica is cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its bright flowers with pleasant fragrance. Quisqualis indica is used as ascariasis, ringworm disease, infant, malnutrition.14 Seeds decoction in oil is applied topically in skin diseases. Seeds are the source of fatty oil which is purgative in action.15 Fruits and seeds of Q. indica possess anthelmintic properties. Anthelmintic properties of the seeds are attributed to the presence of an active principle resembling santonin. More than 4 or 5 seeds are reported to cause colic in some cases. Seeds possess sporific properties. An overdose causes unconsciousness. In China, ripe seeds are roasted and given in diarrhoea and fever. They are also used for rickets of children in Indo-China. Macerated in oil, seeds are used as an external application to parasitic skin diseases. The extracts of roots and leaves are also effective as anthelmintic. Leaf juice is used by Malays as a lotion for boils and ulcers. The long flexible stems are used for basketry, fish wires and fish traps in Togoland.7 Roots are used to treat rheumatism, also can be used as anthelmintic to expel parasitic worms or for alleviating diarrhea.16 In Amboyna, the leaves are given in compound decoction for flatulent distension of the abdomen.6
Dosage and Administration:
6-10 g, decocted in water for an oral dose. It is also made into pills or powder. For adults, the cooked herb is chewed, with 10-20 pieces taken for one dose. For children, the number of pieces to be taken is 1.5 multiplied by the child’s age, with the total number not to exceed 20 pieces per day.17
Precautions:
It may cause hiccups, dizziness, and vomiting if taken in large amounts.17
Pharmacological activity:
Different scientists have been reported the different pharmacological activities of leaves, flowers, stem bark, aerial parts of Quisqualis indica Linn.
Anti-bacterial activity:
The flower extracts of Combretum indicum possesses the wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterial activity may be indicative of the presence of broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds, suggests that there is a scientific basis for its utilization as antibacterial agents in designing and developing new drugs. It was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay method. The different solvent extracts have shown marked inhibition against the tested human pathogenic bacterial strains. The results showed that Staphylococcus aureus was highly susceptible to the extracts as compared with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus sp. and Salmonella typhimurium, bacterial strains.18
Methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of flower show remarkable antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. Among the tested bacterial strains, Micrococcus luteus was highly susceptible to the flower extract as compared with the Bacillus subtilis and E. coli. The results also showed that the methanolic extract of Quisqualis indica was the most effective as the widest inhibitory zone was observed as compared to the ethanolic as well as aqueous extract.19
Leaf and flower extracts of Quisqualis indica against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay to determine antibacterial activity. Among extracts, the flower extract has shown marked inhibition of S. aureus isolates. It can be concluded that the leaf and flower extracts possess inhibitory components.20
Anti-oxidant activity:
The methanolic plant extracts Quisqualis indica Linn. show 95% antioxidant activity was due to the redox properties, which allowed them to act as reducing agents by scavenging free radicals such as peroxide, hydroperoxide or lipid peroxyl and thus inhibit the oxidative mechanisms that lead to degenerative diseases. The present study showed that the partitionates of the methanolic extract of Q. indica (stem bark) especially the chloroform soluble fraction possesses significant antioxidant potentials.21 50% hydro-alcohol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts when assayed against superoxide anion, hydroxyl and nitric acid radicals, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelation and reducing power shows inhibition of all these free radicals in a dose dependent manner.22
Anti-diabetic activity:
The methanolic extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. flower shows anti-diabetic potential on alloxan induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were treated with methanolic extract of flowers of Quisqualis indica Linn. at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. for 43 days. Methanolic flowers extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. showed significant decrease in the biochemical parameters, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol levels as compared to diabetic control group. The methanolic flowers extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, also proved to be effective in normalizing the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol levels in heart homogenates as compared with diabetic control.23
Anti-inflammatory activity:
The hydroalcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica has anti-inflammatory activity in acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and cotton pellet granuloma model. The phytochemicals analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. The polyphenols have potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. So anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. can be attributed to bradykinin and PG synthesis inhibition property of polyphenols.24
Immuno-modulatory activity:
Plant extracts have been widely investigated for their possible immunomodulatory properties. Hydroalcoholic flower extract of Quisqualis Indica Linn. has been found as immunomodulatory as evidenced by the carbon clearances test, cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression, Total Leukocyte Count (TLC), Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC), and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH). The Quisqualis indica flower extract was evaluated orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg in wistar rats. Higher dose of Quisqualis indica flower extract has been significantly exhibited immunomodulatory activity. Administration of Quisqualis Indica was found to increase phagocytic activity by stimulation of macrophages, total WBC and differential leukocytes count. Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction also stimulated by Quisqualis indica in higher dose significantly indicating that the extract could stimulate the haemopoetic system.25
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibition:
Methanolic extract of Q. indica flower exhibited Acetyl cholinesterase inhibition activity. The extract inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase in dose dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.77 μg/ml. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for the hydrolysis of acetyl thiocholine iodide was 0.034 mM. The Km value in the presence of the extracts (Kmapp) at first decreased, and then increased by 60-88.9%. The Vmax was 0.017 μM/min/μg protein. The Vmax value in the presence of the extracts (Vmaxapp) decreased by 2.8-52.3%. The estimated value of KI was 1.41 mM, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk plot, Dixon plot and their replots showed combination of the mixed and partially noncompetitive inhibition.26
Cytotoxic activity:
Different extracts of Quisqualis indica linn. (Combretaceae) shows cytotoxic activity. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, 80 % ethanol and water extracts of leaves, flower, stem and roots of Quisqualis indica Linn. were tested for cytotoxic activity on L269cells using the MTT assay. MTT assay was used to evaluate the reduction of viability of cell cultures in the presence and absence of the extracts. Cell viability was inhibited to different extents by the extracts. The ethanol -leaves and water flower extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. were not cytotoxic at 500 μg/mL. Both the ethanol-stem and water-root extracts exhibited weak cytotoxic activity. The Petroleum ether -flower, ethyl acetate leaves and flower or ethanol-flower extracts showed stronger cytotoxic activity than the others. However, the ethyl acetate -flower extract exhibited the most effective cytotoxic activity at 500 μg mL-1 (70.3 %).27
Anti-diarrhoeal activity:
The petroleum ether extract of leaves of Quisqualis indica L. shows the anti-diarrhoeal activity against castor-oil induced diarrhoea and charcoal induced gastrointestinal motility test in albino rats. The petroleum ether extract exhibited the dose dependent anti-diarrhoeal effects in the all treated groups and the results were compared with standard drugs (Loperamide 3mg/kg p.o. and Atropine sulphate 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneal rest.)28
Antimicrobial activity:
Quisqualis indica of stem bark shows antimicrobial activity. The plant Quisqualis indica (Compositae) has ehnopharmcological reputation of being used as a healing agent in Bangladesh. The antimicrobial activity was studied against the gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. The extractives of the plant were subjected to screening for inhibition of microbial growth by the disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibition demonstrated by the n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates of the methanolic extract ranged from 8 - 15 mm, 8 - 18 mm, 12 - 20 mm and 10 - 16 mm, respectively at a concentration of 400 µg/disc. All the extractives were also subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay for primary cytotoxicity evaluation. Here, the carbon tetrachloride soluble materials demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity with LC50 of 0.826 µg/ml, while n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates of the methanolic extract revealed the LC50 of 1.254, 3.866 and 5.366 µg/ml, respectively. 29
Hypolipidemic activity:
Treatment of hyperlipidemia is important for prevention of many diseases especially coronary heart diseases. It has been proven that 20% of all strokes and over 50% of all heart attacks can be linked to high fatty substances (cholesterol) and it can be reduced by increased dietary intake of antioxidants which is a vast source of plant extracts. The hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extracts of aerial parts of Quisqualis indica (QI) including flowers on cholesterol diet (PS) induced hyperlipidemia in rats had been evaluated. Hyperlipidemia was induced by cholesterol diet (dry coconut, milk powder etc). The hypolipidemic activity was analyzed by reading the blood serum level in UV at 505 nm after treated with reagent present in auto span diagnostic kit. Dose of Methanolic extracts of QI had been prepared by using distilled water i.e. 100 mg/kg p.o and 200 mg/kg p.o. Methanolic extracts of QI significantly reduce the harmful lipid layer in blood serum at varying concentration which shows that the plant carries the hypolipidemic properties which was may be due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation as the plants contain some active ingredients acting as antioxidants. Result shows that the plants extracts was more effective at 200 mg/kg whereas Atorvastatin (10mg/kg) drug is used as standard drug. The present investigation shows that the methanolic extracts of aerial parts of QI had markedly reduced the raised lipid level LDL, VLDL and cholesterol due to cholesterol diet induced, thus it acts as hypolipidemic at dose dependent manner.30
The methanolic extracts of aerial parts of Quisqualis indica (QI) including flowers has hypolipidemic activity on passive smoking (PS) induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced by passive smoking in a closed chamber having 1 burning cigarette inside it. The hypolipidemic activity was analysed by reading the blood serum level in UV at 505 nm after treated with reagent present in auto span diagnostic kit. Dose of Methanolic extracts of QI had been prepared by using distilled water i.e. 200 mg/kg p.o. Methanolic extracts of QI significantly reduce the harmful lipid layer in blood serum at varying concentration and dose dependent manner which shows that the plant carries the hypolipidemic properties. It reduces the LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, triglyceride and raise HDL level in blood serum upto certain extent which was may be due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation as the plants contain some active ingredients acting as antioxidants. Our result shows that the plants extracts recover the disorders in lipid metabolism noted in hyperlipidemic state.31
Anti-pyretic activity:
The methanolic leaf extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. plant has been reported for its antipyretic activity against Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia model in rats. The methanolic extract of the plant at a dose level of 100mg/kg and 200mg /kg exhibited competent, potent and comparable results promoting Quisqualis indica Linn. plant as a promising antipyretic plant species.32
Anti-staphylococcal activity:
The stems bark extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. shows anti-staphylococcal activity. The stem bark was macerated with methanol followed by sequential solvent-solvent partitioning with n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform act as a antibiotic against staphylococcal infection.33
Anti-fungal activity:
The leaf extract of Quisqualis indica Linn. shows antifungal The leaf extract of four different plants Quisqualis indica Linn., Calotropis procera Ait., Achyranthes aspera Linn., and Ocimum sanctum Linn. was evaluated against ten microorganisms comprising of five bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and five fungi (Alternaria porri,Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum) using well diffusion method. The in vitro study revealed that methanol extract was more effective than aqueous extract. Leaf extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. and Achyranthes aspera Linn. was reported to be more effective on fungal species and on contrary leaf extracts of Calotropis procera Ait. and Ocimum sanctum Linn. was found more effective on bacterial.34
Insecticidal activity:
The insecticidal activitiy of ethanol extracts from thirty Chinese medicinal plants against Spodoptera exigua was evaluated for contact toxicity and anti-feedant. Quiqualis indica fruit was one of them. The extracts from eight of the Chinese medicinal plants showed strong activity against the insect. The most effective plant extracts were from Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. and Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant. Three of the extracts exerted strong antifeedant activity to the insect. Significant values of FDI (30 to 60%) were induced by extracts of Bidens pilosa, Carpesium abrotanoides, Eclipta prostrasta, F. thunbergii, Lonicera japonica, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Quisqualis indica.35
CONCLUSION:
Indian system of Medicine uses around 2,500 plant species of about 800 species are used by industry and approximately 25% species are cultivated. As per WHO estimate, about 80% of the population of developing countries rely on traditional medicine, mostly plant-based drugs for their primary healthcare.36 The Quisqualis indica Linn plant is widely used either directly as folk remedies or indirectly as ayurvedic preparation like decoction, macerated oil, lotion etc. From this review by considering the traditional background and several research articles on Quisqualis indica Linn, it has been concluded that this plant contains some important chemicals constituents which have shown various pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-pyretic, etc. The phytochemical such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, saponins and phenolic compounds are present in Q. indica Linn.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors would like to express gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this work. Authors are very much thankful to Dr. D. V. Derle Principal, NDMVP College of Pharmacy, Nashik for his continuous support and encouragement.
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Received on 12.01.2017 Modified on 11.02.2017
Accepted on 28.02.2017 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2017; 9(1): 47-52.
DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2017.00008.5