1 INTRODUCTION:

Traditional medicines play an important role in health services around the globe. About three-quarters of the world population relies on plants and plant extracts for thousands of year in healthcare. The rational design of novel drugs from traditional medicine offers new prospects in modern healthcare¹. Nowadays person prefers plant based medicines over synthetic medication for the treatment of different disease because of their safety as well as economy. Plants have always been a part of medicinal science from the beginning of human civilization to the present modern world of synthetic medicines. Even in the presence of variety of effective synthetic drugs, use of medicinal plants for maintaining human health has acquired a lot of importance in the present era².

Herbal medicines are particularly used by the traditional practitioners since the ancient time but they do not have scientific data¹. There is a global interest in non-synthetic, natural drugs derived from plant sources, because of low cost, nontoxic nature and availability. Herbal medicine also known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine-refers to using plants seeds, flowers, roots for medicinal purpose. Herbalism has a long tradition of use of outside of conventional medicine. It is becoming more main stream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. Gold Mohar, with an impressive range of Medicinal and biological properties, has been used in the folk medicine systems of several civilizations for the treatment of constipation, inflammation, arthritis, hemiplagia, leucorrhoea and rheumatism ^3-4.

Fig. No-1 Royal Poinciana

Delonix, a genus of tribe Eucaesalpiniea consists of two species growing in India Delonix elata and Delonix regia ⁵. belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family but according to the phylogenetic classification it belongs to Fabaceae family (subfamily of Leguminosae). The tree is native to Madagascar. It is consistently voted among the top five most beautiful flowering trees in the world. Delonix regia is also known as the Royal Poinciana or Flamboyant⁶. This plant was previously placed in the genus poinciana, named after phillippede longvilliers de poincy (1583-1660), who is credited with introducing the plant to the america⁶. The extraction and utilization of Delonix regia seed gum as a agent in amoxicillin dry granules for reconstitution⁷. Delonix regia seed gum contain galactomannan type polysaccharides that are similar to those of guargum and locust bean gum⁸. The gum has been applied as a binder in paracetamol tablet⁹. Several experimental studies have revealed biological and pharmacological properties of phenolic compounds, especially their antimicrobial activity, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Tannins decrease the bacterial proliferation by blocking key enzymes at microbial metabolism. Steroids have been reported to posses anti-inflammatory activities.^10-12The leaves are reported to have antibacterial and anti malarial proportion. Stem wood bark of Delonix regia showed antibacterial, anti fungal and anti oxidant properties¹³.

Morphology:

Delonix regia Rafin. is 40 feet in height having umbrella like canopy can be wider than its height.^14,4

Geographical Distribution:

Delonix regia Rafin. is native to Madagascar, where it is almost extinct. This plant is now widespread in most tropical and subtropical areas. Plant can grow at higher altitudes than recommended, but flowering become irregular¹⁵, native to Madagascar, Zambia.¹⁵

Vernacular names:

English : flamboyant, flamboyant flame tree, flame of the forest, flame tree, gold mohur, gulmohar, peacock flower, royal poinciana; Arabic : goldmore; French : flamboyant, poinciana, royal; Burmese : seinban; Spanish : Acacia roja, Swahili : mjohoro, mkakaya; Hindi :gulmohr; Bengali : chura, radha; Tamil : mayarum, mayirkonrai, panjadi, telugu ¹⁶

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION^17-23:

Kingdom : Plantae

Phylum : Magnoliophyta

Class : Magnoliophyta

Order : Fabales

Family : Fabales

Subfamily : caesalpinioideae

Genus : Delonix

Species : Delonix regia

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:

It has been planted in nearly every country in frost-free areas and is perhaps the most important flowering ornamental tropical tree of the world Delonix regia is a species of flowering plant. According to traditional classification of medicine it belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family but according to the phylogenetic classification it belongs to Fabaceae family (subfamily of Leguminosae) Delonix regia is a tree 10-15 (max. 18) m high, attaining a girth of up to 2m; trunk large, buttressed and angled towards the base; bark smooth, greyish-brown, sometimes slightly cracked and with many dots (lenticels); inner bark light brown; crown umbrella shaped, spreading with the long, nearly horizontal branches forming a diameter that is wider than the tree’s height; twigs stout, greenish, finely hairy when young, becoming brown. Roots shallow. Mature flowering and fruiting trees may be grown in 3 to 5 years in good sites.

Fig. No-2 Whole tree

Leaves and leaflets:

The compound leaves have a feathery appearance and are a characteristic light, Alternate, bright green. They are doubly pinnate. Each leaf is 30–50 cm long and has 20 to 40 pairs of primary leaflets on it, and each of these is further divided into 10-20 pairs of secondary leaflets. Each bearing 12-40 pairs of small oblong-obtuse leaflets that are about 0.5-2 cm long and 0.3 cm wide; petiole stout. The numerous leaflets are stalk less, rounded at the base and apex, entire thin, very minutely hairy on both sides, green on the upper surface. At the base of the leaf stalk, there are 2 compressed stipules that have long, narrow, comb like teeth^16,18-19.

Fig. No -3 Leaves and leaflet

Corymbs:

Corymbs 15-30 cm long, borne laterally near the end of the twig, each with loosely arranged, slightly fragrant flowers^16,18.

Fig. No -4 Corymbs

Flowers:

Flowers 5-13 cm across, with 5 equal petals, on slender stalks 5-7.6 cm long. Petals 5-6.5 cm long, 2-3cm wide, orbicular, broadly spoon shaped, rounded but broader than long, slightly wavy-margined or crisp, tapering into claws about 2.5 cm long, widely extended and bending backwards before falling^16,18,20-21

Fig. No – 5 Flower

Fig. No -6 Petals

Fruit:

Fruit green and flaccid when young, turning to dark brown, hard, woody pods, 30-75 cm long, 3.8 cm thick, 5-7.6 cm broad, ending in a short beak when mature, with many horizontally partitioned seed chambers inside, indehiscent, finally splitting into 2 parts. The conspicuous pods hang down and remain attached most of the year even when the trees are leafless.

Fig No 7: Fresh pods

Fig No 8: Dired pods

Many horizontally partitioned seed chambers inside, indehiscent, finally splitting into two parts. The pods containing up to 50 seeds each.²²

Fig No 9: Seeds entrapped in pod

Fig No 10: Seeds

Flowering season: April to July ^22-23.

Fruit season: August to October ²².

Seeds:

The seeds are speckled, rather like a fava bean. Typical of most hard seeded legumes, germination of royal poinciana seems to improve with scarification. Eighteen inch long dark brown seed pods hang on the tree throughout the winter and then fall down the ground in spring.

Seeds 30-45, hard, greyish, glossy, to 2 cm long, oblong and shaped very much like date seeds, transversely mottled with a bony testa. They are arranged at right angles to the length of the

pod ^22,24.

Branches:

Horizontal branches forming a diameter that is wider than tree’s height, crown, umbrella shaped and spreading long branches ¹⁶.

Bark:

Smooth, grayish-brown, slightly cracked and having many lenticels; inner bark is lightbrown. roots close to the trunk are exposed to provide additional support to the trunk.These are called 'butresses'. The tree has a clear bole (portion of the trunk that is devoid of branches) with smooth, pale grey bark. A characteristic feature is that there are creases or folds in the bark, especially where the branches fork out. It looks like an elephant’s skin!¹⁶.

Fig. No -11 Bark

Wood: Soft and white colour²⁵.

Roots: shallow¹⁶.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY:

Knowledge of the chemical constitutions of plants is desirable for the discovery of therapeutic agents and is discovering the actual value of folklore remedies

Leaves:

The leaf extract contains phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatehuic acid and salicylic acid), lupeol and beta-sitosterol ^26.

Flower:

The Delonix Regia flower extract contains carotenoids (lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, beta- carotene, prolycopene, neolycopene, and deta-lycopene and Gama lycopene), tannins, saponins, beta-sitosterol, flavanoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatehuic acid, salicylic acid, trans-cinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid), anthocyanins (cyaniding -3-glucoside andcyanidin-3-gentiobioside and beta-sitosterol) ^22,16 .

Seeds:

The Delonix Regia seed contains flavanoids, saponins, galactomannon, lectin, protein free amino acid. Some trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn) and macronutrients (Na, k, Mg, and Ca) oil from Delonix regia seed contains fatty acids (saturated fatty acid- Palmitic acid, steric acid, and arachidic acid, unsaturated fatty acid – oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid)^23,24

Stem bark:

Flavanoids, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, stigmasterols, carotene, hydrocarbons, phytotoxins, beta-sitosterols, lupeol, paramethoxybenzaldehyde, isolupeol, and phenolic acids^25,23,26

Root bark:

Glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, terpenoids, and carbohydrates ²⁶

Functional uses / Traditional Uses:

In Ivory Coast, traditional medicines are prepared from several parts of the tree, including the flowers. In rural areas, water extracts are generally home made from Delonix regia flowers²⁷. Natural pH indicators²⁸. Seeds of Delonix regia contain flavonoids are used as wound healing agent in households.^29-31. The flower of Delonix regia (Hook) Raf was used as natural color and as an acid-base indicator ³². The tree yields a thick mucilage of water-soluble of gum in yellowish or reddish-brown warty tears; the seed contain gum that may find use in textile and food industries.

Economic importance:

1. The wood is locally for agricultural implements, handles for carpentry tools, combs. Mainly as fuel, calorific value of wood being 4600kcal/kg.

2. The seeds yield 18-27.5% fatty oil known as the “pangam” or “karanga” oil of commerce. It is use in tanning industry. The oil and “Karajan”possess insecticidal and anti bacterial properties. The oil also finds use in soap making, illuminating and pharmaceutical preparations.

3. The oil cake is good fertilizer. The seed cake can also be used in poultry ration to substitute black “til” component of ration

4. The seed is carminative, purifies and enriches the blood and is used in case of inflammation, “ear ache” and chest complaint³³.

The tree is mainly grown for its shade and ornamental value. Because of its hardy nature and aggressive root system, it is a good tree to control soil erosion in the arid and semi-arid areas. Delonix regia seed gum could be employed as stabilizer and thickener of choice in pharmaceutical suspension preparation, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries⁵⁵. The wood is widely used as firewood. The legume (pod) is edible. (Little and Wadsworth 1964; Menninger 1962; Webb and others 1984). The seed pods are used as percussion instrument in (Caribbean wikipedia 2011). Delonix regia pods without any chemical treatment and to determine its effectiveness in removal of fluoride from aqueous solution³⁵.

PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES:

Anti-diarrhoeal activity:

The flowers of Delonix regia plant have been reported to have in vivo anti-diarrhoeal activity. The experimental models were castor oil induced diarrhoea,prostaglandin-E2 induced enteropooling and charcoal induced gastrointestinal motility test in wistar albino rats. The 70% ethanolic extract of Delonix regia flowers was used for activity. The flowers of Delonix regia shows the dose dependent antidiarrhoeal effects in the all the treated groups³⁴ .

Anti-inflammatory activity:

The powdered leaves of the Delonix regia were used for the anti-inflammatory activity. The models for anti-inflammatory activity were the carrageenaninduced rat paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Delonix regia shows significant activity at 400 mg/kg in the both models when compared with standard group ³⁵.

Antidiabetic activity:

The methanolic extract of Delonix regia leaves were used for reporting glucose tolerance in glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice. Glibenclamide (10mg/kg) was used as a standard reference drug. At every dose of glucose the statistical data indicated significant oral hypoglycemic activity on the mice. The maximum antihyperglycemic activity was measured at 400 mg/kg of the drug extract³⁶.

Antioxidant activity:

The various extract of leaves, flowers and bark of Delonix regia Rafin. like, absolute methanol, absolute ethanol, absolute acetone, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 80% acetone and deionized water were used for antioxidant activity. The extract yields from leaves, flowers and bark were in range of 10.19 to 36.24, 12.97 to 48.47 and 4.22 to 8.48 g/100 g dry weight (DW), respectively. From all extract, 80% methanolic extract produced from the leaves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, with high phenolic contents (3.63 g GAE/100 DW), total flavonoid contents (1.19 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of peroxidation (85.54%), DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50 value 8.89 μg/mL) and reducing power (1.87). By using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method the antioxidant activity was evaluated. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Delonix regia were used. The leaf extract of Delonix regia 10.73mg/100 gm of ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC)³⁷.

Hepatoprotective activity:

The study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effect of methanol extract of aerial parts of Delonix regia in CCl4 induced liver damage rats. The methanolic extract of aerial parts of D. regia possesses hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats³⁸.

Antimicrobial activity:

The dichloromethane extract of Delonix regia Rafin. leaf led to separation of scopoletin by silica gel chromatography. Scopoletin shows antifungal activity against Candida albicans and also antibacterial activity Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Esecherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bubtilis subtilis. The plant extract was inactive against fungi, Apergillus niger and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antimicrobial activity of the different extracts (15 μg mm–2) was conducted by the disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibition demonstrated by the petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane fractions ranged from 9–14 mm, 11–13 mm and 9–20 mm, respectively. Kanamycin was used as standard drug which shows the zone of inhibition of 20–25 mm. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the carbon tetrachloride soluble materials demonstrated the highest toxicity withLC50 of 0.83 mg mL–1, while petroleum ether and dichloromethane soluble constituent of the methanolic extract revealed LC50 of 14.94 and 3.29 mg mL–1, respectively. The standard drug used was vincristine sulphate with LC50 of 0.812 mg mL^39-40

Anthelminitic activity:

The anthelminitic activity of Delonix regia Rafin. flower, plant belonging to family Caesalpiniaceae was reported against Pheritima posthuma (Indian Earth worm). The aqueous and methanolic extract of Delonix regia Rafin. flower was taken in three concentration (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) differently. The determination of time of paralysis and time of death of worms was reported. The piperazine citrate (10mg/ml) was taken as standard drug and distilled water was taken as control. Both aqueous and methanolic extract shows considerable anthelminitic activity, but methanolic extract show the highest activity⁴¹.

Wound healing activity:

Wound healing study was done to investigate the wound healing properties of Delonix regia in experimental animal models. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Delonix regia flowers were prepared to study the effect on wound healing. The animals used were albino rats. The wound models were incision and excision wound. Wound Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelization, tensile strength (skin breaking strength) and estimation the hydroxyproline content of skin. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts significantly promoted the healing process⁴².

Gastroprotective activity:

The ethanolic extract of flower of Delonix regia Rafin. Was obtained which was investigated for gastroprotective activity in experimental induced ulcer model. The various parameters like ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, percentage protection in all models and gastric volume, free acidity and total acidity in pylorus ligation induced gastric ulceration model were monitored. The gastroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of flower of Delonix regia Rafin. was in a dose dependent manner ⁴³.

CONCLUSION:

Delonix regia reported to have anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial activity. The decoction of the leaves is traditionally used in treating gastric problems, body pains and rheumatic pains of joints. Flowers of Delonix regia have been used as traditional herbal remedies for gynaecological disorders and they are also used as tablet binder.

Delonix regia (Fabaceae) leaf is used in folk medicine of Bangladesh for the treatment of diabetes,. This information suggests that this plant may possess some anti-diabetic activities but but so far no scientific study has been done which may support its use in traditional medicine. The present study has been carried out to evaluate the glucose lowering potential of methanolic seed extract of Delonix regia in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice.

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Received on 23.09.2015 Modified on 30.09.2015

Res. J. Pharmacognosy & Phytochem. 7(4): Oct-Dec. 2015; Page 232-238

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385.2015.00036.9

Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.