It grows in wide range of climates. Mainly develops in rain forests and is adapted to wide range of soil types from acidic to alkaline and saline conditions [6]. The tree develops a straight pole when grown in dense forests, but is spreading and low branching in the open. Trees annually produce an abundance of seed from papery pods.

Common names such as "woman's tongue" and "rattle pod" derive from the noise of pods shaking in the wind [7].

It is used in environmental management, forage, medicine, wood, food resource for some hervivores. In India and Pakistan, the tree is used to produce timber. It is cultivated as a shade tree in North and South America [8]. In ancient Tamil culture, the flowers are decorated as a crown and were used to welcome victorious soldiers [9].

It is used as an avenue tree, sometimes used to shade coffee and tea. Saponins and tannins in the bark can be used for making soap and in tanning, respectively. Bee keepers like the species for the light-colored honey its nectar provides, and the tree hosts the lac insect. Because of its soil-binding ability it is useful for soil conservation plantings [10].

Figure: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth Plant

Scientific classification

Kingdom	Plantae
Order	Fabales
Family	Fabaceae
Genus	Albizia
Species	A. lebbeck

Synonyms [8]

· Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd.

· Acacia macrophylla Bunge

· Acacia speciosa (Jacq.) Willd.

· Albizia latifolia B. Boivin

· Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. var. leucoxylon Hassk.

· Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. var. pubescens Haines

· Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. var. rostrata Haines

Local Names

· English names: Lebbeck, Lebbek Tree, Flea Tree, Frywood, Koko and Woman's tongues Tree.

· Sanskrit: Sirisah, Bhandi

· Urdu: Tinia

· Hindi: Siris, Saras

· Telugu: Dirisinam

· Tamil: Vakai Siridam

· Kannada: Begemara

· Malayalam: Nenmenivaka

· Bengali/ Assamese: Sirish

Ethnobotany

The ethnobotanical records reports the plant as astringent, used for treatment of boils, flu, gingivitis, pectroral problems, tumors, lung problems [11], psychoactive [12]. The bark is used for the treatment of inflammation [13].

Active Constituents

The plant contains cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins [14]. The flowers contain various sterols, leaves contain pipecolic add derivatives, root contains echinocystic acid [15]. The bark contains tannins, friedelin and β -sitosterol. Seeds contain crude protein, calcium, iron, phosphors, niacin and ascorbic acid. Amino acid composition of the protein is: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine [16].

Pharmacological Activities of Albizia Lebbeck (L.) Benth.

The various parts of this plant possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-arthritic, antiasthmatic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, anticonvulsant, mast cell stabilization, anti-anaphylactic, steroidogenic, nootropic, antifertility, antihistaminic, antitumor, antiulcer etc.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of pods, seeds, flowers and roots

Shakir Ahmad Shahid et al., [17] studied the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities crude methanolic extracts of pods, seeds, flowers and roots of Albizzia lebbeck Benth. and Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Antibacterial study was evaluated for six bacterial species of both gram positive and gram negative types including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis. When compared with gentamicin and gatifloxacin it indicated that the plant extracts have potent activity against all tested microorganisms. The antifungal activity of the extracts was evaluated against six fungal strains including Aspergilus parasiticus, Aspergilus Niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus effusus, Fusarium solani and Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were compared with standard drugs Itraconazole and Amphoteracin B. The order of antibacterial and antifungal activity, expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration observed for both plants was seed> pod> flower > roots for all bacterial and fungal strains tested.

Antibacterial activity of leaves

Seyyed Mansour Seyydnejad et al., [18] performed the the antibacterial properties of ethanolic and methanolic extract of Callistemon citrinus leaf and Albizia lebbeck leaf. Study was performed against bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Kelebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes by the method of disc diffusion. The extract of C. citrinus exhibited significant activity against the majority of bacteria which is comparable with standard antibiotics but Albizia lebbeck extract despite previous reports didn’t have any significant effect.

Antimicrobial activity of seeds

S.H.K.R. Prasad et al., [19] investigated the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic and chloroform extracts of seeds of Albizzia lebbeck(L.) Benth. against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, Both solvent extracts were found to be effective against all the tested organisms.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of stem bark

Neelam Balekar et al., [20] performed a study to substantiate the traditional claim of the antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Albizzia lebbeck Linn. in rats. Castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil magnesium sulphate-induced enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility test using charcoal meal models were examined. The extract inhibited peristaltic movements in charcoal meal test, intestinal fluid secretions in castor oil as well as magnesium sulphate induced enteropooling which confirmed its antidiarrhoeal activity, might be due to its high flavonoid content.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory of bark

Achinto Saha et al., [21] studied the analgesic and anti-inflammatory of the extract of the bark of Albizia lebbeck Benth. obtained by cold extraction of mixture of equal proportions of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. In rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan, the extract at the 400 mg/kg dose level showed 36.68% (p<0.001) inhibition of edema volume at the end of 4h. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract at the 200 and 400 mg/kg dose level showed 39.9 % and 52.4 % inhibition of writhing, respectively. In radiant heat tail-flick method the crude extract roduced 40.74% (p<0.001) and 61.48% (p<0.001) elongation of tail flicking time 30 minutes after oral administration at the 200 and 400 mg/kg dose level, respectively.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory of bark

N. Prakash Babu et al., [22] the anti-inflammatory activity of different organic solvent extracts of Albizia lebbeck bark using the carrageenan, dextran, cotton pellet and Freund’s complete adjuvant induced rat models. The extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol were administered at the concentrations of100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The petroleum ether and ethanol extracts at 400 mg/kg, showed maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by carrageenan (petroleum ether—48.6%; ethanol—59.57%), dextran (petroleum ether—45.99%; ethanol—52.93%), cotton pellet (petroleum ether—34.46%; ethanol—53.57%) and Freund’s adjuvant (petroleum ether—64.97%; ethanol—68.57%).

Immunomodulatory activity of leaves and bark

Maya Chaudhary et al., [23] investigated immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves and bark of Albizia lebbeck Benth. in swiss albino mice by using swim endurance test and acetic acid induced writhing test model. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves and bark were administered, among which the ethanolic extract of leaves have shown to be exhibit strong immunomodulatory effect by increasing the swimming or survival time (p<0.001), also decreased the writhing produced by glacial acetic acid (p<.001).

Antiarthritic activity

Nimish Pathak et al., [24] studied the anti-arthritc activity of methanolic bark extract of Albizia lebbeck by Freund’s complete adjuvant induced- arthritis induce arthritis model in rats and bone erosion turnover was studied by analyzing various markers of bone erosion like histological and radiological analysis of the joints. It was concluded that Albizia lebbeck methanolic extract (AL) possesses strong anti-arthritic property by modulating bone erosion.

Anti-asthmatic activity of stem bark

S. Kumaret al., [25] conducted the anti asthmatic activity of Albizia lebbeck on 81 patients at I.P.D. and O.P.D. level. Stem bark decoction in a dose of 50 ml thrice daily for 6 weeks, supported by light diet. A significant increase in PEFR and considerable decrease in total leukocyte count, eosinophil count and E.S.R. were observed. From the study conducted, it was found that 56 % (28) cases has shown good response, 38 % (19) cases shown fair response, 6 % (03) cases shown poor response and 31 cases were dropouts. It was concluded that formulation can be used as an effective drug in Bronchial asthma with detailed observational studies.

Antioxidant potential and radical scavenging activity of polyherbal drug Shrishadi containing Albezia lebbeck

Divya K. Kajaria et al., [26] studied the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Shrishadi which is a polyherbal formulation having Albizzia lebbeck, Cyprus rotundus and Solanum xanthocarpum. Hydroalchololic extract was prepared from the plant samples and was tested for total reducing power and in vitro antioxidant activity by ABTS assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation assay. power showed dose-dependent increase in concentration maximum absorption of 0.716 ± 0.015 at 0.8 mg/ml; ABTS+ assay showed maximum inhibition of 82.27 ± 2.69 with EC50 462.72 ± 4.56; superoxide free radicals showed maximum scavenging activity of 68.54 ± 1.78 with EC50 658.51 ± 6.24; anti-lipid-peroxidation free radical scavenges maximum absorption of 72.91 ± 1.68 with EC50 640.75 ± 4.45. Free radicals such as superoxide anions and lipid peroxides were scavenged in a concentration-dependent manner.

Antioxidant potential of pods and seeds

Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq et al., [27] investigated the composition and evaluated the antioxidant activity of the pods and seeds, roots and stems of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. In vitro antioxidant assays such as ferric reducing antioxidant power, total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity showed that the examined hydroalcoholic extracts have potent antioxidant potential.

Anticonvulsant Activity

V. S. Kasture et al., [28] reported the anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Albizzia lebbeck.. The extract protected mice from maximum electro shock, electrical kindling and pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions. The extract also inhibited convulsions induced by lithium-pilocarpine and electrical kindling. However, it failed to protect animals from strychnine-induced convulsions. The extract antagonised the behavioural effects of D-amphetamine and potentiated the pentobarbitone-induced sleep. It raised brain contents of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin and was found to be anxiogenic and general depressants of the central nervous system.

Mast Cell Stabilization Activity of bark and leaves

S. Shashidhara et al., [29] performed a comparative study between the successive chloroform, methanol and water extracts of bark and leaves of Albizia lebbeck for its in vitro mast cell stabilizing effect against compound 48/80. Methanolic extract of leaf and methanolic and water extracts of bark exhibited maximum activity comparable to that of disodium chromoglycate.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of seeds

S.E. Besra et al., [30] reported the antidiarrhoeal activity for the seed extract of Albezia lebbeck.

Anti-Asthimatic and Anti-Anaphylactic Activity of bark and flower

R.M. Tripathi et al., [31] evaluated the anti-asthimatic and anti-anaphylactic activity of the decoction of the bark and flower of Albizzia lebbeck. The decoctions were found to protect the guinea pig against histamine as well as acetylcholine induced broncho-spasm. Chronic treatment with bark decoction has also protected the sensitized guinea pigs against antigen challenge. However, there was no significant effect on the rat mesenteric mast cell count and had not protected the mast cell from the disruption induced by compound 48/80. The drug inhibited the rate of disruption of mast cells induced by antigen in sensitized albino rats. The antiasthmatic and antianaphylactic actvities of the drug cannot be wholly due to smooth muscle relaxant, antihistamine or antispasmodic activity nor are mediated through stability of mast cells or adrenal gland. The effect seems to be due to inhibition of phenomenon of sensitisation.

Steroidogenic Effect

Pratibha Tripathi et al., [32] studied the steroidogenic effect of alcoholic extract of Albizzia lebbek. The dose effect relationahip was studied and 200 mg/Kg. of body weight had been found to be maximum effective dose in terms of stimulation of adrenals and rise in plasma cortisol. Vitamin C and Cholesterol content of adrenals has been estimated after the administration of the drug and a strictly significant fail was noted as compared to control. Thus the steroidogenic action of A. lebbek was inferred and action was explained to be like Adreno corticotrophic hormone.

Nootropic activity of leaves

S.D. Chintawar et al., [33] studied the effect of saponin containing n-butanolic fraction extracted from leaves of Albizzia lebbeck on learning and memory in albino mice using passive shock avoidance paradigm and the elevated plus maze. Significant improvement was observed in the retention ability of the normal and amnesic mice as compared to their respective controls. They also studied the effects of butanolic fraction on the behavior influenced by serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline and dopamine. The brain levels of serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine were also estimated and correlated the behavior with neurotransmitter levels. The brain concentrations of GABA and dopamine were found to be decreased, whereas the 5-HT level was increased. The data indicate the involvement of monoamine neurotransmitters in the nootropic action of butanolic fraction of A. lebbeck.

Nootropic and anxiolytic activity of Albizzia lebbeck leaves

H.D. Une et al., [34] studied the effect of n-butanolic fraction extracted from dried leaves of Albizzia lebbeck containing saponin on cognitive behavior and anxiety in albino mice. Elevated plus maze was used for both nootropic and anxiolytic activity. The nootropic activity was evaluated by recording the effect on the transfer latency, whereas anxiolytic activity was evaluated by studying its effect on the duration of occupancy in the closed arm. Results showed the significant improvement in the retention ability of the normal and amnesic mice as compared to their respective controls. Animals treated with butanolic fraction spent more time in the open arm in a dose-dependent manner. The data suggested involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the nootropic and anxiolytic activity of saponins.

Antifertility activity of pods

Rakesh Chaudhary et al., [35] evaluated the antifertility activity of triterpenes isolated from Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth pods in male albino rats. Testicular sperm count, epididymal sperm count and motility were assessed. Biochemicalmand histological analysis was performed in blood samples and reproductive organs. A significant reduction in the weight of testis, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate were observed. Testicular sperm count, epididymal sperm count and motility were significantly reduced when compared to controls. spermatogenesis was depressed in various stages. Production of primary spermatocytes,secondary spermatocytes and step-19 spermatids declined. The size of seminiferous tubules reduced. Cross sectional surface area of Sertoli cell as well as its counts was found to be reduced significantly, Leydigcell nuclear area and number of mature Leydig cells were decreased. Serum testosterone level showed significant reduction after triterpenes feeding. Biochemical parameters of tissues i.e. protein, sialic acid, glycogen, cholesterol content of testis and seminal vesicular fructose showed significant reduction.

Anti-ulcer activity of leaves

Devendra Shirode et al., [36] evaluated the anti-ulcer properties of 70% ethanolic extract of leaves of Albizzia lebbeck and with significant potential.

Anti-histaminic activity of bark

Islam Mohammed Nurul et al., [37] evaluated that the bark extract of Albizia lebbeck inhibit histamine signaling in TDI-sensitized rats through suppression of H1R and HDC gene transcriptions. Compounds that suppress histamine signaling should be promising candidates as anti-allergic drugs. Pretreatment with the extract suppressed TDI-induced H1R and HDC mRNA elevations as well as [³H] mepyramine binding, HDC activity, and histamine content in the nasal mucosa. The extract also suppressed TDI-induced up-regulation of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA. In HeLa cells, AL extract suppressed phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate- or histamine-induced up-regulation of H1R mRNA. Suppression of Th2-cytokine signaling by the extract also suggested that it could affect the histamine–cytokine network.

Anti-Tumor, Anti-Fungal, Anti-Yeast and Anti-Bacterial Hemolysin from Seeds

Lam SK et al., [38] isolated a monomeric 5.5-kDa protein Lebbeckalysin having hemolytic activity towards rabbit erythrocytes from seeds of Albizia lebbeck. Its hemolytic activity was fully preserved in the pH range 0-14 and in the temperature range 0-100 °C, unaffected in the presence of a variety of metal ions and carbohydrates. The hemolysin also reduced viability of murine splenocytes and inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HepG2 hepatoma cells. It impeded mycelial growth in the fungi Rhizoctonia solani but there was no effect on a variety of other filamentous fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium maydis, Valsa mali and Mycosphaerella arachidicola. Lebbeckalysin inhibited growth of Escherichia coli.

CONCLUSION:

From the conducted review work on the plant Albizia lebbeck Benth (L.) it can be concluded that the various researches had already been carried out for the evaluation of diverse number of pharmacological activities associated with different parts of the plant. So it has already been established to be an important medicinal plant which is widely found throughout the country. Future work on the isolation of various active constituents of the plant may provide distinct contribution to the field of medicinal research.

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Received on 16.07.2013

Modified on 25.07.2013

Accepted on 28.07.2013

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 5(5): September – October 2013, 263-268