Antipyretic activity of Ethanolic Extract of Premna corymbosa Rottl. Leaves (Verbenacea)

Sudhish Rai*, Ashish Vaishnav, Anish Chandy, Mamta Singh and M.P. Singh

School of Pharmacy, Chouksey Enginering College, Bilaspur, (CG)

ABSTRACT:

Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves of Premna corymbosa Rottl demonstrated the presence of alkaloid, glycosides, flavanoids, steroids and triterpenoids. Antipyretic cativity of ethanolic extract of Premna corymbosa rottl. Leaves was tested by Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia method.decrease I temperature produced by ethanolic extract in a dose of 100, 200 mg/kg in male rat was measured and compared with reference standard paracetamol(25 mg/kg).

KEYWORDS: Premna corymbosa Rottl, Antipyretic activity, Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia.

INTRODUCTION:

Premna corymbosa Rottl. (verbenacea) is popularly known as “Arni” is an medicinal plant and is found in india and Andaman coasts¹. It also occur in plains of assam and in khasi hills. Premna corymbosa Rottl.^2,3,4 is a folk remedy for piles, tumours, stomatitis and fever.Premna corymbosa Rottl. Is a large shrub or a small tree upto 9 mm in height. Yellowish lanticellate bark, spinous large branches and yellowish brown woody aromatic root. Premna corymbosa Rottl. Leaves colour is green, odour is aromatic, taste is bitter, dimension is 8cm long and 6cm wide^3,4. Premna corymbosa rottl. Leaves shape is coriaceous, broadly elliptic-ovate,margin is serrate,apex is acute and base is rounded. Premna corymbosa Rottl. Leaves is known as Premna obtusifolia, premna seratifolia and Premna Integrifolia. Leaves, root, flowers and bark of Premna corymbosa Rottl. are considered medicinal^5,6. The leaves from plant is used as stomachic, carminative and galactogogue. The juices of leaves are good as an external application. It also useful to treatpiles and tumours. The root of Premna corymbosa Rottl. is useful in bronchitis, dyspepsia, constipation and fever. The leaves also useful in dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, cough and catarrh^7,8. The Premna corymbosa Rottl. root is given as a cordial and tonic. It also showed decrease in prothombin time due to the presence of flavanoid in small doses. The extract of Premna corymbosa Rottl. root shows antihyperglycemic effect. Its root is also useful as bitter, pungent and useful in anaemia, vata and laxative.

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

The leaves of Premna corymbosa Rottl. was collected from Chennai in the month of July 2006. Care was taken regarding the age and health of plant to obtain a best condition leaves part. The species for proposed study was identified and authenticated as Premna corymbosa Rottl. by Dr P. J ayraman,botanist, plant anatomy and research centre(PARC), Chennai, Tamilnadu.

Preparation of Premna corymbosa leaf extract:

The leaves of Premna Corymbosa Rottl was dried in shade. The dried leaves were coarsely powdered by means of grinder and powder was passed through the sieve no 60. For powder microscopy and coarse powder was used for further studies. 300 gms of leaves powder was extracted with 90% ethanol by continuous hot extraction process (18-20hrs). The extract was filtered while hot and resultant extract was distilled in vacuum under reduced pressure in order to remove the solvent completely, dried and kept in a desiccators. A semisolid crude extract of leaves so obtained was tested for the antipyretic activity in male rat.

Experimental animals:

Colony Wistar rats procured from Laboratory Animal Resource Section, Dharmapuri college of pharmacy, Dharmapuri were used in the study. The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and maintained on balanced ration with free access to clean drinking water.

Antipyretic activity of Premna corymosa extract:

The antipyretic potential of the Premna Corymosa Rottl. leaves was studied by Brewers yeast induced pyrexia. male rat weighing 200-250 gms were divided into 4 groups each consisting of six animals ( n=6) were injected subcutaneously (5 ml/kg) aqueous suspension of dried brewers yeast.⁹ Rats developed 1.c or more rises in rectal temp at 18 th hrs after injection were treated with 5% gum acacia and group I served as control. Group II and III received the ethanolic extract (100mg/kg) and (200mg/kg) respectively. Group IV was treated with paracetamol (25mg/kg) and served as reference standard. Temperature was recorded at time intervals of 1, 2, 3 & 4 hrs (Table 1)

Statistical analysis:

The statistical analysis was carried out and difference of the parametric data of body temperature(s) was examined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple comparison t test, to compare a set of experimental data against control mean.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Percentage decrease in temp by ethanolic extract of Premna corymbosa Rottl. leaves (100 mg/kg) (200 mg/kg) and standard drug was found to be 3.80, 4.56 & 4.82 % respectively. So the ethanolic extract of Premna corymbosa Rottl. leaves showed moderate to significant antipyretic activity ( 4.56%) at 200mg/kg dose while standard paracetamol drug ( 25mg/kg) 4.82 %. (shown Table No.1 and Figure No. 1).

TABLE. NO 1- Anti –Pyretic Activity Of Ethanolic Extracts of leaves of Premna corymbosa rottl. (EEPC)

S. N	Treatment	Dose (mg/Kg)	Normal rectal temperature^OC mean + S.E	Temperature 18hrs after Yeast induced pyrexia	Temperature after treatments (^OC)				% activity
S. N	Treatment	Dose (mg/Kg)	Normal rectal temperature^OC mean + S.E	Temperature 18hrs after Yeast induced pyrexia	1^st Hour	2^nd Hour	3^rd Hour	4^th Hour	% activity
1	Control	0	37.2 + 0.05	38.06 + 0.24	39.3+ .05	39.4+0.07	39.6+0.04	39.4*+0.06	------
2	Ethanolic extract	100	37.3 + 0.09	38.14 + 0.34	38.2+ .24	38.4+0.12	38.1+0.09	37.9*+0.06	3.80
3	Ethanolic extract	200	37.6 + 0.13	38.08 + 0. 72	38.5+ .41	38.2+0.20	37.9+0.15	37.6+0.21	4.56
4	Paracetamol	25	37.3 + 0.28	38.01 + 0.16	38.3+ .28	37.6+ .34	37.8+0.26	37.5*+ 0.17	4.82

n = 6 values as mean + S.E; * P < 0.001 Vs control by students ‘ t ’ test

Fig. No.1. Graphical representation of anti-pyretic activity of ethanolic leaves extract of premna corymbosa rottl. (EEPC)

On the basis of the results it is inferred that the ethanolic extract of Premena corymbosa Rottl. leaves is antipyretic. The results showed that the ethanol extract of premna integrifolia possesses a significant antipyretic effect in maintaining normal body temperature and reducing yeast-induced elevated body temperature in rats in a dose dependent manner and its effect is comparable to that of the standard antipyretic drug paracetamol.¹⁰ Rao B. et al (1985) reported steroids, terpenes, coumarines, glucosides, alkaloids and flavanoides isolated from premna integrifoliaand are reported with the antipyretic activity¹^{1, 12}. Moreover, the statistical analysis with anova showed that the ethanol extract of premna integrifolia decreases both the normal and yeast elevated body temperature in a short span of time in a dose dependent manner, when compared with control group.

CONCLUSIONS:

Research for herbal remedies with potent antipyretic activity received importance, recently as the synthetic antipyretics having long term side effects. It was evident from the study that the observed antipyretic effects of the extract were similar in both magnitude and time course. however, to know the exact mechanism of action of premena corymbosa leaf extract further study with purified fractions is obligatory.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The Authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Principal, Padmavathi College of Pharmacy, Dharmapuri,Tamilnadu. Thanks are to Dr P. J Ayraman, botanist plant anatomy and research centre (PARC), Chennai, Tamilnadu for identification of the plant.

REFERNCES:

1. Rastogi P. Raam, Mehrotra B.N., Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants..1960-1969, Vol I., 327.

2. Rastogi P.Ram, Mehrotra B.N, Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. 1990-1994,Vol v., 692.

3. Rastogi P.Ram, Mehrotra B.N.., Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants., 1985-89,Vol IV., 594.

4. Rastogi P.Ram , Mehrotra B.N., Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants/. 1970-79, Vol II., 560.

5. Anonymous., The Wealth of Indian (Raw Maerial)., 1998 Vol VIII., 240.

6. Nadkarni K.M ., The Indian Materia Media.,1010.

7. Kirtikar K.R. & Basu B.D., Indian Medicinal Plant. Vol III. Lalit Mohan Basu, 49-Leader Road, Allahabad, 1933;1927-1928.

8. Orient Longman., Indian Medicinal Plant., 1995, IV.,349.

9. Loux J.J., Depalma P.D., Yankell S.L., Antipyretic testing of aspirin in rats., Toxicol APPI Pharmacol., 1972, 22, 672-75.

10. Narayanan N, Thirugnanasambantham P, Viswanathan S, Kannappa Reddy M, Vijayasekaran V, Sukumar E.Antipyretic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Premna herbacea roots. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71:147-53.

11. Rao, C. B., P. G. Krishna, et al. (1985). Chemical examination of Premna spp.: 10. New isoprenoids from the root barks of Premna integrifolia and Premna latifolia var. mollissima. Indian Journal Of Chemistry Section B Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry 24(4): 403-407.

12. MC Sosa-Sequera, O Suarez, NL Dalo. Kaurenic acid: An in vivo experimental study of its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. 2010: 42, 293-296.

Received on 27.05.2011

Accepted on 10.06.2011

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3(6): Nov. - Dec. 2011, 278-280