Garcinia cambogia
SOME
STATISTICS TO NOTE:
▲ 300 million people worldwide are obese and
750 million more are overweight. 22 million of world’s children under 5 years
of age are overweight or obese. (Mary Bellizzi).A
whopping 10-14% of adolescent population worldwide is affected by obesity.
▲ About 66% of adults
in USA are overweight and almost 33% are obese as per data of Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 2001 to 2004.Approximately 17.5% of
USA children (6 to 11 years) and 17% of adolescents (12 to 19 years) are
overweight. At present approximately 9 million children over 6 years are obese
(2005 study).
▲ In USA, a recent study estimated annual
spending due to overweight and obesity (BMI more than and equal to 25) to be as
much as $92.6 billion in 2002 which is 9.1% of US health expenditure.
▲ In USA,cost of
lost productivity related to obesity among Americans of 17 to 64 years of age
has been $3.9 billion (1994 study) and cost of workdays lost arising out of
direct and indirectly related to obesity was $39.3 billion (1994 study).
▲ In USA, number of obese adults over the age
of 60 years will rise from 14.6 million in 2000 to
20.9 million in 2010-an increase of 43 %.( 2004 US publication)
▲ A recent health
survey in England predicts that in UK, 12 million adults and 1 million children
will be obese by the year 2010.
▲ Overweight children have a 70% chance of
becoming overweight or obese adults. This risk increases to 80% if one or more
of parents are overweight/obese.
▲ During the period
1980-2000, obesity has increased by 10%, physical activity decreased by 13% and
calorie increased by 1% (Tanson, 2003).
▲ Statistical records of obesity in India
though not systematically documented, it is reported that about 12.1% males and
16% females (in case of Punjab, 30.3 males and 37.5% females) suffer from
obesity. Morbid obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the 21st
century affecting 5% of the country’s population.
HERBS
USED FOR OBESITY
Hoodia Gordonii :In Africa, Hoodia Gordonii was use by the San tribesmen of the Kalahari
Desert to fight hunger. They used to eat this plant to suppress hunger when they
are on long hunting expeditions. This stone-age wonder plant can be found at
the regions of the Southwestern African continent and has been proven effective
in fighting against obesity.
Aloe Vera helps to improve digestions and cleans the digestive
tract.
Astralgus helps improves
nutrient absorption while increasing energy.
Bee pollen is quick to satisfy craving for sweets and stimulate
metabolism.
Bladderwrack helps
enhance thyroid function and brewer's yeast helps reduce cravings for a variety
of food and drink.
Cayenne helps increases calorie burning and fight hunger
Chitosan helps slow down
the absorption of fat in the intestine.
Ephedra is good at
suppresses appetite.
Fennel :Like Ephedra, Fennel helps suppresses appetite and remove fat and
mucus from intestinal tract. Green tea is effective in increase energy
expenditure while enhancing the body to burn fat.
Guaraná helps suppresses
appetite and increases metabolic rates.
The
anti-obesity drug:
The
Garcinia fruit is a rich source of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the active agent that aids in
weight loss by inhibiting fat production and suppressing appetite. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid [(-)-HCA] is the principal acid of fruit
rinds of Garcinia cambogia,
Garcinia indica, and Garcinia atroviridis. (-)-HCA was
shown to be a potent inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase
(EC 4.1.3.8), which catalyzes the extramitochondrial
cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA: citrate + ATP + CoA -->
acetyl-CoA + ADP + P(i) + oxaloacetate. The inhibition
of this reaction limits the availability of acetyl-CoA
units required for fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis
during a lipogenic diet, that is, a diet high in
carbohydrates. Extensive animal studies indicated that (-)-HCA suppresses the
fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis, food intake, and
induced weight loss. In vitro studies revealed the inhibitions of fatty acid
synthesis and lipogenesis from various precursors. .
HCA; and its biochemistry, which includes inhibition of the citrate cleavage
enzyme, effects on fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis,
effects on ketogenesis, other biological effects,
possible modes of action on the reduction of food intake, promotion of glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis,
and lipid oxidation, (-)-HCA as weight-controlling agent.
Normally,
the body converts the carbohydrates from meals and snacks that cannot be used
immediately for energy into glycogen. Glycogen is the storage form of
carbohydrates, deposited in muscles and the liver.
When the glycogen stores are reasonably full, additional carbohydrates are then
converted into body fat. Hydroxycitric acid blocks up
to 70% of the conversion of carbohydrates into fat, thus helping to prevent
added fat storage on the body. Thus, carbohydrates are forced to be
accommodated as more glycogen in the liver. This added glycogen load in the
liver stimulates a longer lasting neuro-signal from
the liver to the brain, of satisfaction, thus helping to suppress appetite
longer1.
Guggul (Commiphora mukul) Family: Burseraceae
Chemistry: The oleo-gum resin contains 0.37% essential oil
consisting chiefly of myrecene, dimyrecene
and some polymyrecene. There are a number of useful
steroids like Z-guggulusterone, E- guggulusterone, guggulusterol I,
II and III. Guggulu is an oleo-resin obtained from
the plant commiphora mukul
and is very much used in Indian System of medicine as astringent, antiseptic,
expectorant, aphrodisiac, demulcent, carminative and anti-spasmodic emmenagogue and used in rheumatism.Guggul
is one of the most renowned herbs in Ayurvedic herbal
supplement. Guggul or Guggulu
has strong purifying and rejuvenating powers. People now days most frequently
use it to benefit from Guggul's lipid regulating and immunomodulating actions. It has been shown that Guggul or commiphora mukul can lower blood cholesterol by 14-27 percent and can
lower triglycerides by 22-30 percent. The effects that Guggul
or gugglu has on the blood cholesterol levels are
similar to prescription medications but, being a natural plant extract, it is a
far greater and much safer product. Guggul or guggulu works on the liver by rising the metabolism (or
break down) of the bad cholesterol known as LDL Cholesterol. After taking the
product for 1 to 3 months, total cholesterol levels can drop triglyceride
levels can drop and an augment in HDL (the good cholesterol) of approximately
16 percent can occur.
Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus
L. (Facaceae)) helps increases metabolism.
Seaweed
also has polysaccharides(4) which form mucilage in
contact with water; this mucilage distends the stomach without being
assimilated, thus inducing reduction in appetite and a slight laxative effect.
For this reason it would be worth using Seaweed in the following cases:
·
General fatigue
due to its stimulating action on the general metabolism.
·
In certain
hormonal deficiencies, when an iodine supplement is necessary to treat obesity.
·
In case of a
slimming diet, as a hunger-suppressant due to the mucilage which gives a
feeling of fullness2.
Licorice reduces cravings for sweets and regulated blood sugar
level.
Malabar
tamarind helps suppresses appetite and
decreases the production of fat.
Siberian
ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) helps reduces craving for sweets and
control blood sugar level. So the next time you looking for a diet pills, opt
for those wonder herbs. All these herbs has been
proven scientifically to help lose weight. Nature's energy
booster. The chemical compound of Siberian Ginseng is complex. Among the
many active substances which have been isolated, the most important seem to be
6 glycosides called eleutherosides(1), but vitamins,amin-acids and
other principles are also found. It is difficult to dissociate the different
components in the overall action of the plant. It has a non-specific stimulant
action on physical and intelectual capacities. It
differs from that of the traditional stimulants (caffeine or amphetamine type)
which produce a "lift" followed by a depression. Siberian Ginseng is
the "anti-fatigue" and "anti-stress" drug par excellence.
It was for this type of action that Brekhman(1) created the ideas of an 'adaptogen',
whereas Fulder(2) preferred the name "Biological
optimiser"3,4.
Brewer's
yeast can also help to reduce your
cravings for food and drinks.
There are even herbs which can helps to boost
metabolism.
Yohimbine, on the other
hand, can also help to boosts your metabolism further
Green
Tea is tea in its natural state that has not undergone fermentation. Generally,
it is the fermentaion process that releases the aroma
and makes tea a pleasant drink. Only Green Tea (unfermented tea) has medicinal
properties.
The
main components of this tea are natural xanthines
such as caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
and tanni. The association of tannin with caffeine
allows the caffeine to be released slowly into the blood. It is absorbed in
small quantities and therefore does not cause insomnia. Green Tea is also
diuretic. It fights against water retention. The slimming activity of this tea
is probably due to another property: the caffeine of Green Tea helps in the
secretion of adrenalin and keeps it at a high level. It is known that adrenalin
is the hormone that frees fatty acids of the adipose tissues. This slimming
activity has been proven in a double blind against placebo study conducted by Arkopharma Laboratories: 60 overweight women were divided
into two equal groups. One took Green Tea Arkocaps
and the other a placebo. Both groups followed a 1,800 calorie diet. This 30
day-long study concluded that the group who tested the
Green Tea Arkocaps, had a significant weight loss and
a reduction of waist measurement. Moreover, a significant decrease of the rate
of blood triglycerides proved to be particularly active in the mobilization of
fats. The clinical and biological tolerance levels were perfect, no side
effects or sleep loss was reported. Green tea can help you to burn the body
fat. As a matter of fact, there are some weight loss products which are made
from green tea5,6.7.
Meshashringi :Gymnema sylvestre is a woody
climbing plant that grows in the tropical forests of central and southern
India. Its active constituents include two resins (one soluble in alcohol), gymnemic acids, saponins, stigmasterol, quercitol, and the
amino acid derivatives betaine, choline
and trimethylamine.The active principle of this plant
is gymnemic acid. It is a mild diuretic and has the
property of abolishing the taste of sugar and neutralising
the excess sugar present in the body.
Green
Tea
(Camellia
Thea) (Ternstreimiaceae)
Haritaki :Terminalia chebula is a potent
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herb. Numerous studies have documented the
potent cholesterol lowering activity of Terminalia
chebula4.
Consumption
of 4-6 glasses of water in empty stomach early morning is beneficial. Also a glass of warm water with a, spoonful of honey consumed in
empty stomach helps to reduce excess fat.
Medhika (Trigonella foenum-graecum):In
Ayurveda, the seed and leaves are known for their
cholesterol-reducing, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, carminative, demulcent,
emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue (milk
producing), hypoglycaemic, laxative, parasiticidal, restorative and uterine tonic effects. Medhika has potent anti-diabetic activity. Various studies
have documented the anti-hyperglycaemic activity and
the herb has been shown to reduce plasma glucose levels and increase muscle
glycogen resynthesis, thereby normalising
the energy metabolism in the physiological milieu5. Treatment with Medhika was also found to lower serum and tissue
cholesterol levels in experimental studies 8-13.
Siberian
Crabapple: The kinetics of the
inhibitory effects of the leaf extract of Siberian Crabapple, named Shan jingzi in China, on chicken liver fatty acid synthase was shown. This extract had much stronger
inhibitory ability on fatty acid synthase than that
from green teas. The inhibitory ability of this extract is closely related to
the extracting solvent, and the time of extraction was also an important
influencing factor. The inhibitory types of this extract on diffeerent
substrates of chicken liver fatty acid synthase,
acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and
NADPH, were found to be noncompetitive, uncompetitive and mixed, respectively 14.
Nomame Herba: CT-II, extract of Nomame Herba, inhibited the
porcine lipase activity dose-dependently in vitro (experiment 1). Body and
liver weight were reduced and hepatic histological examination showed an
amelioration of fatty liver in CT II treated animals (experiment 2). CT-II
significantly inhibited body weight gain and plasma triglyceride elevation in a
dose-dependent manner, without affecting food intake in lean rats fed the
high-fat diet. Elevated plasma AST and ALT were also decreased (experiment 3).
When obese rats fed the high-fat diet were treated with CT-II for up to 6
months, body weight was initially reduced and thereafter weight gain was
significantly suppressed. Total body fat was also significantly reduced and
significant reduction of plasma AST and ALT was observed 15.
Chickweed is the herb most often thought of for metabolizing
and burning fat. It also serves as an appetite depressant. It is wonderful in
salads. Tinctures are preferable to the dried leaf. Diane Stein names chickweed
along with cleavers and poke root as herbs that "stimulate weight loss by
helping to burn fat." Regulators such as kelp are extremely important
because they are so good for the glands.Chickweed is known for its ability to break down fat molecules.
It is usually taken in the form of a tea to curb cravings and assist digestion.
Chickweed is mostly recommended in combination with Burdock Root.
Lemon balm (Melissa) would also be important for the glands
due to its function in the lymph system. Diuretics can be important when the
weight appears as edema or water gain.
Rushi Medohar :Rushi Medohar is an aesthetic
blend of clinically tested herbs, which help in fighting obesity the natural
way while strengthening your internal system.In a
lifestyle which is full of irregular eating and resting habits which result in
hypertension, indigestion and obesity, Rushi Medohar is an effective, proven and trusted ayurvedic herbal formulation for fighting obesity.Obesity is the root cause of several health hazards
and diseases. Rushi Medohar
improves digestive power, purifies blood, and prevents accumulation of fat in
the body.
BENEFITS:
Dissolves
fat : It burns fat and excess calories using a balanced herbal formulation. It
improves the functionality of thyroid and strengthens the digestive power. Speeds up metabolism :
By improving blood circulation, it helps in improving and regulating
body metabolism. Removes toxins : Cleanses toxins from blood,
tissues, lungs and lymphatics.
Suppresses
excessive appetite : While other herbal diet pills decrease normal appetite
which might cause harmful effects, Rushi Medohar will only suppress excess appetite, thereby reducing
weight and curbing excess sugar and food carving. It also burns fat and
calories. Preserved muscle tissues : Rushi
Medohar is a natural, healthy, stimulant-free thermogenic herbal formulation which strengthens the
internal immune system without any side effects.
Reduces
bad cholesterol : Rushi Medohar accelerates the
breakdown of fat and helps in flushing them out in the form of triglycerides
and serum cholesterol, thus helping in reducing weight and maintaining the
shape of the body and keeping it fit.
Cardio
protective : Effective lowering of LDL levels reduces cardiovascular
morbidity and total mortality in patients with known coronary artery diseases.
It also minimizes the incidence of atherosclerosis and CHD
Haridra Curcuma longa Family: Zingiberaceae
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)
Guduchi is an indigenous Indian herb which is not very
well-known out of India. It is a commonly prescribed herb in Ayurveda for the condition of obesity. It helps in the
proper canalization of fats in the body and thus reduces obesity.
Indian Gooseberry (Emblica
officinalis)
Known as amalaki
in Indian medicine, the Indian gooseberry is the richest source of vitamin C
among all foodstuffs. Vitamin C can disintegrate fatty buildup in the body.
Hence, it is a very effective herb for the treatment of obesity and related
conditions. The amalaki is an integral component of Triphala, which is commonly prescribed in the treatment of
obesity.
Burdock
Root: Burdock Root is a diuretic and a
mild laxative. It helps reduce cravings and hunger. In combination with
Chickweed, it helps transporting fat out of the body. Like Chickweed, Burdock
root is also taken in the form of tea to drink between meals..
Nettle: Nettle help clear toxins and
helps feeding the cells at a deeper level. Nettle and Fennel tea is said be
good for curbing appetite and help in weight loss.
Flax Seed :Flax seed is a laxative and it
helps in curbing hunger. It is a good source of protein and fiber. Flax good when taken half an hour before meals. It will help
you eat less. It strengthens your immune system too.
Guar
Gum: Guar Gum has a laxative effect.
It reduces hunger. It promotes normal gastrointestinal motility and also
maintains the fecal bulk. It promotes a feeling of fullness and thus decreases
appetite.
Kola
Nut :Kola Nut is a stimulant. It aids in the metabolism of fat. It also decreases appetite.
Phyllium :Phylium curbs hunger. A teaspoon of Phyllium
aids weight loss when taken half an hour before meals with water.
Hawthorn: Hawthorn improves blood circulation. It also reduces
blood fat. It stimulates the adrenal glands and improves thyroid function. It also reduces
blood fat.
Alfalfa
:Alfalfa consist of saponin that helps make fats more soluble. It also acts as
a diuretic and aids in digestion.
Senna :It is a good laxative. It improves metabolism of fat by stimulating the colon.
Cinnamon : Cinnamon is effective in reducing cholesterol levels.
It lowers bad cholesterol and effects blood sugar and it helps against insulin
resistance and obesity.
Cardamom : Cardamom’s anti-spasmodic properties aid in digestion.
Bladder
Wrack:Bladder Wrack helps strengthen thyroid and increases metabolism.
It gives body easily available nutrients and feed the body on a cellular level.
It also reduces cravings.
Slimaluma (Gencor Caralluma): Gencor Caralluma
extract has been tested and certified non-toxic by a double-blind, randomized
clinical trial on 60 volunteers in one of the largest hospitals in India. Caralluma’s lack of toxicity has been confirmed by a
leading Ayurvedic academician: It finds use as a
famine food and appetite suppressant in drought-hit villages across the
sub-continent. Caralluma’s appetite suppressant
property is well known to Indian tribe’s people and hunters. Indian folklore
also records its use as a potent appetite suppressant and weight-loss herb.
Chinese
medicinal herbs :A: Rhizoma Alismatis (Zexie), B: Fructus Crataegi (Shanzha), C: Semen Coicis
(Yiyiren), D: Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Baizhu), E:Rhizoma
Atractylodis (Cangzhu), F:Sclerotium
Poriae Cocos (Fuling), G: Semen Cassiae
(Juemingzi), H: Folium Sennae (Fanxieye), I: Radix
Angelica Sinensis (Danggui), J: Rhizoma Curumae (Ezhu), K: Flos Chrysanthemi (Juhua), L: Radix Notoginseng
(Sanqi), M: Folium Nelumbinis (Heye), N: Herba Taraxaci (Pugongying), O: Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
(Chenpi), P: Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (Wuweizi) and Q: Fructus Mori (Sangshen).
The potential of some Chinese medicinal herbs against
obesity in terms of stimulating ApoA-IV promoter
activity in gut cells and reducing TG content in adipocytes
was tested in the present study. Rhizoma
Alismatis (A), Fructus
Crataegi (B), Semen Coicis
(C), Rhizoma Atractylodis
Macroczphalae (D), Rhizoma
Atractylodis (E) and Sclerotium
Poriae Cocos (F), the
herbs tradtionally used to treat obesity, were shown
to activate ApoA-IV promoter activity in Caco-2/TC7
cells. In addition, the extract of Fructus
Crataegi (B) in hyperlipidemia
mice displayed the lipid regulating function16.
The dehydrotrametenolic acid isolated from Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (F) promotes the differentiation of adipocyte in vitro and acts as an insulin
sensitizer in vivo 17. Rhizoma Alismatis (A)
was shown to have in vitro anti-diabetic effect 18
and it is involved in an herbal formulation for lowering plasma glucose 19. These findings, together with our data in
stimulating ApoA-IV promoter, were in agreement with
the traditional prescription of those TCMs for anti-obesity activity. In
contrast, Semen Cassiae (F) and Folium Sennae (H) did not exert any stimulatory effect on
promoter activity here. A possible explanation would be that single herb might
not be effective in targeting obesity. The promising biological effect would be
obtainable only in the presence of other appropriate herbs in a decoction
mixture. The uniqueness of a precise combination of different herbs is
demonstrated in a traditional decoction Danggui
Buxue Tang; the chemical compositions and
biological efficacies significantly controlled by Radix Astragali
and Radix Angelica Sinensis at a 5:1
ratio 20-23.Radix Angelica Sinensis
(I), Rhizoma Curcumae
(J), Flos Chrysanthemi
(K), Radix Notoginseng (L), Folium Nelumbinis (M) and Herba
Taraxaci (N) increase ApoA-IV
transcription and may also be used to treat obesity. Rhizoma
Alistmatis (A) and Radix Angelica Sinensis (I) effectively decreased fat accumulation in
3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner; Radix
Angelica Sinensis treatment reduced TG content
up to 40% at a dose of 10 mg/ml. These findings suggest that Rhizoma Alismatis and
Radix Angelica Sinensis may possess
multi-functional activities against obesity24.
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24.
Ava Jiangyang Guo,1 Roy Chi-yan
Choi,1 Anna Wing-han Cheung,1
Jun Li,1 Ivy Xiaoying Chen,1
Tina Tingxia Dong,1 Karl Wah-keung Tsim,1 and Brad Wing-chuen Lau
2Stimulation
of Apolipoprotein A-IV expression in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes and reduction of triglyceride formation in
3T3-L1 adipocytes by potential anti-obesity Chinese
herbal medicines Chin Med. 2009; 4: 5.
Received on 07.07.2009
Accepted on 10.08.2009
© A&V Publication all right reserved
Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.
1(2): Sept. - Oct. 2009, 103-108