Leaf laminae are elliptic to ovate or nearly orbicular, (1.3-)3-8(-12) cm long and (0.4-)1.5-5(-6.5) cm at the widest point. The apex is rounded, obtuse or subacute to emarginated, the base rounded, sometimes cuneate, mostly symmetrical or nearly so.

Margins are minutely serrulate. There are 3 marked nerves almost to the apex, the nerves being depressed in the upper, light or dark green, glabrous surface. Lower surface is whitish due to persistent dense hairs but may be buff coloured. Occasionally the lower surface is glabrous.

Leaves are petiolate 1.1-5.8 mm long and stipules are mostly spines, in each pair one hooked and one straight, or both hooked, or more rarely neither developed into a spine.

Flowers have sepals which are dorsally tomentose, a disk about 3 mm in diameter and a 2-celled ovary, immersed in the disk. Styles are 2, 1 mm long and connate for half their length. Flowers tend to have an acrid smell.

Flowers are borne in cymes or small axillary clusters. Cymes can be sessile or shortly pedunculate, peduncles 1-4 mm tomentose. Pedicels are also tomentose and are 2-4 mm at flowering and 3-6 mm at fruiting.

Fruit is a glabrous globose or oval edible drupe varying greatly in size from (1-) 1.5 (-2) cm diameter but some oval varieties can reach 5 x 3 cm. The pulp is acidic and sweet, the fruit greenish, yellow or sometimes reddish.

The species is distributed throughout the warm subtropics and tropics of South Asia. In cultivation it has spread south-eastwards through Malesia and eastwards through IndoChina and southern China. It is widespread in Africa and southern Arabia, where it was probably first cultivated; however in Africa it has naturalised and so-called ‘wild’ types are to be found, especially shrubby rather than tree forms. It adapts to warm to hot tropical climates with low to relatively high rainfall, tolerating poor soils.

The intraspecific taxa described are not very meaningful in view of this tendency to naturalise and produce wild heterogeneous populations. Several varietal names have been given to wild morphotypes. One variety, Z. mauritiana var. orthocantha (D.C.) A. Cher. is found south of the western Sahara and in Mauritania. It produces a dry pulp and is probably valid in view of its specific utilization by local people³.

Phytochemistry:

The fruit pulp of ziziphus mauritiana lamk was reach in nutrients^4,5 The richness of the pulp in nutritive compounds has been widely recognized. Nonetheless there are no definitive values for pulp composition. However ber is richer than apple in protein, phosphorus, calcium, carotene and Vitamin C⁶ and oranges in phosphorus, iron, vitamin C and carbohydrates and exceeds them in calorific value. Ripe fruits provide 20.9 Calories per 100 g of pulp⁷ (Singh et al., 1973a). In terms of carbohydrates, pulp contains 12.8 – 13.6 % of which 5.6 % is sucrose, 1.5 % glucose, 2.1 % fructose and 1 % starch. Total sugars content is markedly different according to cultivar^8,9,10. The amino acids asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, áserine and threonine, are found in the pulp¹¹ but not many analyses or comparisons have been made. Major interest has focused on Vitamin C content and ber pulp is considered a rich source. Content ranges from 70-165 mg/100 g¹² . The FAO and WHO recommendation¹³that the daily intake for an adult man should be 30 mg, illustrates the value of ber pulp in the diet. Pulp contains about 70 IU Vitamin A /100 g and the ß-carotene content ranges from 75 to more than 80 mg/100 g¹⁴.

Ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and bioflavonoids:

Ziziphus jujuba fruits are very rich in vitamins C and B1 (thiamine) and B2 (riboflavin)^15,16.

Compared with ber, one fruit per day would meet the diet requirements for Vitamin C and Vitamin B complex of an adult man recommended by FAO/WHO. It is also known to have a high Vitamin P (bioflavonoid) content. In some fruits¹⁷ Baratov et al., (1975) reported 188 to 544 mg Vitamin C and 354 to 888 mg Vitamin P per 100 g pulp. It was also reported that even higher contents of Vitamin C (up to 811 mg/100 g) and vitamin P (up to 1230 mg/100 g). Vitamin P (bioflavonoids) enhances the action of Vitamin C. Vitamin C and Vitamin P also act together to help maintain the thin walls of capillaries^18,19. Vitamin P also has antibacterial, anti inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and is known to stimulate bile production, promote circulation and prevent allergies²⁰.

Pectin A:

Pectin A was isolated²¹ from Z. jujuba fruit. Pectin A was found to contain 2,3,6-tri-o-acetyl D lactose units. Pectin has a number of pharmaceutical properties such as binding bile acid, lowering plasma cholesterol and anti diarrhoeal properties²² .

Alkaloids:

Stem bark of Ziziphus species contain alkaloids²³. A sapogenin, zizogenin has been isolated from Z. mauritiana stems²⁴. The cyclic peptide alkaloids, mauritine-A, mucronine-D, amphibine-H, nummularine-A and –B²⁵(Tschesche et al., 1976), sativanine-A and sativanine-B, frangulanine, nummularine-B and mucronine were isolated from the bark of Z. jujuba ²⁶. Also some cyclic peptide alkaloids are isolated that are sativanine-C, sativanine-G, sativanine-E, sativanine-H, sativanine-F, sativanine-D and sativanine-K from Z. jujuba stem bark. The alkaloids coclaurine, isoboldine, norisoboldine²⁷,other constituent like asimilobine, iusiphine and iusirine were isolated from Z. jujuba leaves²⁸. Cyclopeptide and peptide alkaloids from Z. jujuba were found to show sedative effects²⁹. The seeds of Z. jujuba var. spinosa also contain cyclic peptide alkaloids sanjoinenine, franguloine and amphibine-D and four peptide alkaloids; sanjoinine-B-D-F and -G2³⁰. The seeds are used in Chinese medicine as a sedative. Chemical studies of Z. mauritiana led to the isolation of the cyclopeptide alkaloids, mauritines A and B; C-F, G and H, frangufoline; amphibines D, E, B and F; hysodricanin-A, scutianin-F and aralionin-C³¹. The cyclopeptide alkaloid, mauritine J, was isolated from the root bark of Z. mauritiana³².

Glycosides:

Flavonoid glycosides/spinosins:

The new spinosin (2”-O- beta –glucosylswertisin) extracted from Z. jujuba var. spinosa seed. and later it cne be presented as three acylated flavone-C-glycosides (6’’’-sinapoylspinosin, 6’’’-feruloylspinosin and 6’’’-p-coumaroylspinosin)³³. All showed mild sedative activity in pharmacological tests discovered a new flavonoid, named zivulgarin, compound (4-beta-D-glycopyranosyl swetisin)³⁴.

Structure of isolated constituents of Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk

Glycosides/saponins:

The glycoside saponin is found in the seeds, leaf and stem of Z. jujube³⁵. Saponins are part of sugar chains which attach themselves to a sterol or triterpene. They are known to bind with cholesterol preventing it from being reabsorbed into the system. They are being widely researched for cancer prevention and cholesterol control.. The saponins isolated from the seeds of Z .jujuba include jujubosides A, B,A1 B1 and C and acetyljujuboside B³⁶ and the protojujubosides A, B and B1³⁷.extracted the saponin, ziziphin, from the dried leaves of Z. jujuba. It has a structure, 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2)-a-Larabinopyranosyl-20-O-(2,3)-di-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl³⁸ jujubogenin.

Triterpenoic acids:

The following triterpenoic acids have been isolated from the fruits of Z. jujuba: colubrinic acid, alphitolic acid, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroylalphitolic acid, 3-O-transp- coumaroylalphitolic acid, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroylmaslinic acid, 3-O-trans-pcoumaroylmaslinic acid, oleanolic acid, betulonic acid, oleanonic acid, zizyberenalic acid and betulinic acid³⁹. Triterpenoic acids has been extracted from roots of Z. mauritiana shown cytotoxic effects⁴⁰ .

Betulinic acid:

Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid which has demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against a number of specific tumour types. It has been found to selectively kill human melanoma cells while leaving healthy cells alive^41
,

Lipids:

Both the pericarp and the seeds of Z. jujuba contain two main classes of phospholipids: phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols. Oleic acid is present in the fatty oil of the seeds⁴². Bioactivity guided fractionation of petroleum ether- EtOAc- and soluble extracts of the seeds of Z. jujuba indicated that the triglyceride, 1,3-di-O-[9(Z)-octadecenoyl]- 2-O-[9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoyl] glycerol, and a fatty acid mixture of linoleic, oleic and stearic acids, were the major active components of the seed oil⁴³.

Pharmacology:

Although Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk has been prescribed in various complication including haemoptysis, menstruarl and other vaginal disorders, diuretic stomachic ,laxative. In folklore system of medicine but scientific profile of efficacy is still lacking.

Neurological properties:

Hypnotic-sedative and anxiolytic effect:

The seeds and leaves of many Ziziphus species have been found to have anxiolytic and hypnotic-sedative effects. They are known to depress activity of the central nervous system which reduces anxiety and induces sleep. Saponins and flavonoids from Z. jujuba seeds were examined for sedative activity. All compounds tested showed sedative and hypnotic effects. Swertisin, the most potent compound was tested for type of action. It was found that it produced sleep, but was not anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant⁴⁴. Alkaloids from Z. jujuba were also found to show sedative activity. Both sanjoinine A and nuciferine prolonged the sleeping time produced by hexobarbital. When sanjoinine was heated it was found to produce an isomer of even greater sedative effect⁴⁵.

2.4.4.2 Cognitive activities:

The oleamide, a component of Z. jujuba extract, could be a useful chemo-preventative agent against Alzheimer’s disease. They found that methanolic Z. jujuba showed 34.1 % activation effect on choline acetyltransferase in vitro, an enzyme that controls the production of acetylcholine which appears to be depleted in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Using sequential fractionation the active ingredient was found to be cis-9-octadecenoamide (oleamide) which showed 65% activation effect. Administration of oleamide to mice significantly reversed the scopolamineinduced memory and/or cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance test and Y maze test. Mice treated with oleamide before scopolamine injections were protected from the effects⁴⁶.

Antidiabetic:

Extract of Z. mauritiana was found to have anti-diabetic activity in Wistar rats⁴⁷

Antioxidant effects:

Z. jujuba extract showed a relatively strong antioxidative activity⁴⁸.

Antiinflammatory effect:

The constituent present in the fruit of Z. jujuba showed marked anti-inflammatory effect⁴⁹. Z. mauritiana leaf extracts were found to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema⁵⁰.

Antifertility/contraception:

The ethyl acetate extract of Z. jujuba bark was found to effect antisteroidogenic activity and hence fertility in adult female mice. It was found to arrest the normal oestrus cycle of adult female mice at diestrus stage and reduced the wet weight of ovaries significantly. Haematological profiles, biochemical estimations of whole blood and serum remained unaltered in extract-treated mice. Normal oestrus cycle and ovarian steroidogenisis were restored after withdrawal of treatment. Antifertility activities of crude extracts were found to be reversible⁵¹.

Hypotensive and antinephritic effect:

Ziziphus jujuba has been found to stimulate nitric oxide release in vitro, in cultured endothelial cells and in vivo, in the kidney tissues of rats⁵³. The effects of Z. jujuba on nitric oxide release in the kidney may contribute to its hypotensive (reduction of blood pressure) and antinephritic (reduction of inflammation of the kidney) action, possibly by increasing renal blood flow.

2.4.7 Cardiovascular activity:

A neo-lignan isolated from Z. mauritiana leaves was found to increase the release of endogenous prostaglandin I2 (the most potent natural inhibitor of platelet aggregation yet discovered and a powerful vasodilator) from the rat aorta by up to 25.3 % at 3 micro g/ml⁵⁴.

2.4.8 Immunostimulant effects:

The leaf extract of Z. jujuba was found to stimulate chemotactic, phagocytic and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils (infection fighting white blood cells) at 5-50 micro g/ml⁵⁵.

2.4.9 Antifungal activity:

Z. jujuba has been found to show antifungal effects. Ethanol extract from the root showed significant inhibitory activity on the fungi Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Malassezia furfur^56,57, (strains 1374 and 1765).

CONCLUSION:

For centuries, indigenous drugs either alone or in combination have been advocated in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. India is rich in plant wealth and has excellent base of utility of plants with Ayurvedic science. The Object of the present review is to contribute something new to the existing knowledge of natural source based drug discovery for the diseases. From extensive literature survey it is revealed that many phytoconstituents like flavonoids, phenolic, alkaloide, glycosides have been isolated from Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Most study have been conducted using crude preparation without mention of their chemical profile. The detailed researche work on isolation of bioactive through clinical trials followed by standardization is seriously required on this potential plant of ayurveda.

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Received on 20.10.2008

Accepted on 10.11.2008

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 1(1): July.-Aug. 2009, 05-10